中華人民共和國國家(jia)標準GB/T 50293一2014城市電力規劃規范

Code for planning of urban electric power

2014一(yi)(yi)08一(yi)(yi)27發布2015一(yi)(yi)05一(yi)(yi)01實(shi)施

中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)民共(gong)和(he)(he)國住房和(he)(he)城(cheng)鄉建設部 中(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)民共(gong)和(he)(he)國國家質量監(jian)督檢驗(yan)檢疫總局(ju) 聯合發布

中華人(ren)民(min)共和(he)國國家(jia)標準

城市電力規劃規范

Code for planning of urban electric power

GB/T 50293一2014

主編(bian)部門(men):中華人民共(gong)和國(guo)住房和城鄉建設部

批準部門:中華人(ren)民(min)共和(he)國住房和(he)城鄉建設部

施行日(ri)期(qi):2015年5月1日(ri)

中國建筑工業出版社

2014北京

中華(hua)人民共和國住房(fang)和城鄉建設(she)部

公告

第520號

住房城鄉(xiang)建設部(bu)關于發布(bu)國家(jia)標準

《城(cheng)市電力(li)規劃規范》的公告(gao)

    現批(pi)準《城市(shi)電力規劃(hua)規范(fan)》為(wei)國(guo)家(jia)標準，編號GB/T 50293 - 2014 ，自(zi)2015年5月1日起實施(shi)。原《城市(shi)電力規劃(hua)規范(fan)》GB 50293 -1999 同時廢止。

    本規范由(you)我部標(biao)準定額研究所(suo)組(zu)織中國建筑工業出(chu)版讓出(chu)版發(fa)行。

中華人民共和國住房和城鄉建(jian)設部

2014年8月27日

前言

   根據住(zhu)房和(he)城鄉(xiang)建設部《關(guan)于印發“2009年工程(cheng)建設標準規(gui)范(fan)制訂(ding)(ding)、修(xiu)(xiu)訂(ding)(ding)計(ji)劃”的(de)(de)通知》建標[2009] (88號)的(de)(de)要求，標準編制組廣(guang)泛調查研究(jiu)，認真總結(jie)實踐(jian)經驗，參考有(you)關(guan)國內外標準，并在廣(guang)泛征求意見的(de)(de)基礎上，修(xiu)(xiu)訂(ding)(ding)本規(gui)范(fan)。

    本規范修訂的主要技(ji)術(shu)內(nei)容(rong)是:1.調(diao)(diao)整了電(dian)力規劃(hua)編制的內(nei)容(rong)要求，將(jiang)原(yuan)第3章“城市(shi)(shi)電(dian)力規劃(hua)編制基(ji)本要求”調(diao)(diao)改為“基(ji)本規定”;2.在(zai)“城市(shi)(shi)供電(dian)設施”增加(jia)“環網單元”內(nei)容(rong);3.調(diao)(diao)整了電(dian)力規劃(hua)負荷預測標準(zhun)指標;4.調(diao)(diao)整了變電(dian)站規劃(hua)用地(di)控制指標;5.增加(jia)了超高壓(ya)、新能源等相關內(nei)容(rong);6.增加(jia)了引用標準(zhun)名錄;7.對相關條(tiao)文進行了補充修改。

本(ben)規范由住房和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉建設部(bu)負責(ze)(ze)管理，由中國城(cheng)(cheng)市規劃設計研(yan)究(jiu)院(yuan)負責(ze)(ze)具體技術內容的解釋。執行過程中如有意見(jian)和(he)建議請寄送中國城(cheng)(cheng)市規劃設計研(yan)究(jiu)院(yuan)(地(di)址:北京市車公莊西(xi)路5號(hao)，郵編:100044)。

本規(gui)范主編單位(wei):中國城市規(gui)劃(hua)設計研(yan)究院(yuan)

本(ben)規范(fan)參(can)編單位(wei):國家電網公司(si)發(fa)展策劃部

中國電力科學研究院

北京(jing)市城市規劃(hua)設計研究院(yuan)

    上海市(shi)城市(shi)規劃設計研究院

國(guo)網北京經濟技(ji)術研究院

國網北京市電力公司

本(ben)規范主要起草(cao)人:洪昌富、侯義(yi)明、全德(de)良(liang)、王(wang)雅麗、夏(xia)涼、劉(liu)海(hai)龍、韋濤、崔(cui)凱、魏保軍(jun)、婁奇(qi)鶴、左向紅、徐俊、王(wang)立永、才華、李紅軍(jun)、周啟亮(liang)、賀(he)健、宋毅

本規范主(zhu)要審查人(ren):王(wang)靜霞、干(gan)銀(yin)輝、王(wang)承東、檀(tan)星、王(wang)永強、戴志偉、梁崢、鄭志宇、李(li)朝(chao)順、張國柱、和坤玲、楊秀華、高(gao)斌

1總則

1.0.1為更好地貫徹執行(xing)國(guo)家城市規(gui)(gui)劃、電力、能源的(de)有(you)關法規(gui)(gui)和方(fang)針政策，提(ti)高(gao)城市電力規(gui)(gui)劃的(de)科學性、合理性和經濟性，確保(bao)規(gui)(gui)劃編制(zhi)(zhi)質(zhi)量，制(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)本規(gui)(gui)范。

1.0.2本(ben)規(gui)范(fan)適用于城市規(gui)劃的電力規(gui)劃編制工作。

1. 0. 3城(cheng)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)力規劃的(de)主要內容應(ying)包括:預(yu)測城(cheng)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)力負(fu)荷，確定城(cheng)市(shi)供電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源、城(cheng)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)網布(bu)局框(kuang)架、城(cheng)市(shi)重(zhong)要電(dian)(dian)力設施(shi)和走(zou)廊的(de)位置和用地。

1.0.4城市電力規劃應(ying)遵循遠近(jin)結合、適(shi)度超(chao)前、合理布(bu)局、環境(jing)友好、資源節(jie)約和可(ke)持(chi)續(xu)發展的原則(ze)。

1. 0. 5規(gui)劃城市(shi)規(gui)劃區內發電(dian)(dian)廠、變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)、開(kai)關站(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)力(li)線路(lu)等電(dian)(dian)力(li)設施的地(di)上、地(di)下空間(jian)位置和(he)(he)用地(di)時，應貫(guan)徹合理用地(di)、節(jie)約(yue)用地(di)的原則。

1. 0. 6城市電力規(gui)劃除應符合(he)本規(gui)范的規(gui)定外，尚應符合(he)國(guo)家現行(xing)有關標準的規(gui)定。

2術語

2. 0. 1城(cheng)市用電負荷(he)urban electricity load

    城市內或城市規劃(hua)片(pian)區內，所有用電戶在某一時刻實際(ji)耗用的有功功率的總和(he)。

2. 0. 2負(fu)荷(he)同時率load coincidence factor

    在規(gui)定的時間(jian)段內，電力系統綜合最(zui)高負(fu)荷(he)與所屬各(ge)個子地區(或各(ge)用戶、各(ge)變電站)各(ge)自最(zui)高負(fu)荷(he)之和(he)的比值。

2. 0. 3負荷密度load density

    表征負荷(he)分(fen)布密集程度的(de)(de)量(liang)化參(can)數，以每(mei)平方公里的(de)(de)平均用(yong)電功率計(ji)量(liang)。

2. 0. 4城市(shi)供電(dian)電(dian)源urban power supply sources

    為城市提供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能來源(yuan)的(de)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠和接受市域(yu)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)系統電(dian)(dian)(dian)能的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)總稱(cheng)。

2. 0. 5城市發電廠urban power plant

    在市域(yu)范圍內規劃(hua)建設需(xu)要(yao)獨立用地的(de)各類(lei)發電設施(shi)。

2. 0. 6城(cheng)市變電(dian)站(zhan)urban substation

    配置于城市區域中起變換(huan)電壓、交換(huan)功率和匯集、分配電能的變電站及其(qi)配套設施。

2.0.7城市電網urban power network

    城市區域(yu)內，為(wei)城市用戶供電的各級電網的總稱(cheng)。

2. 0. 8配電室(shi)distribution room

    主(zhu)要為低(di)壓用戶(hu)配(pei)送電能，設有(you)(you)(you)中壓配(pei)電進出(chu)線(xian)(可有(you)(you)(you)少量出(chu)線(xian))、配(pei)電變壓器和低(di)壓配(pei)電裝(zhuang)置，帶(dai)有(you)(you)(you)低(di)壓負荷的(de)戶(hu)內配(pei)電場所。

2. 0. 9開關站switching station

    城網(wang)中設(she)有高(gao)、中壓(ya)配(pei)電(dian)進出(chu)(chu)線(xian)、對功率進行再(zai)分配(pei)的供電(dian)設(she)施(shi)。可用于解決變電(dian)站進出(chu)(chu)線(xian)間隔有限或進出(chu)(chu)線(xian)走廊受限，并在區(qu)域中起到(dao)電(dian)源支撐的作用。

2. 0. ;10環網單(dan)元ring main unit

    用于lOkV電纜線路分(fen)(fen)段、聯絡及分(fen)(fen)接負荷(he)的配(pei)電設施。也稱環網柜(ju)或開閉器。

2. 0. ;11箱(xiang)式(shi)變(bian)電(dian)站cabinet/pad-mounted distribution substa-tion

    由中壓(ya)開關(guan)、配電變壓(ya)器、低壓(ya)出線(xian)開關(guan)、無功補償(chang)裝置和計量裝置等設(she)備共同安裝于一個封閉(bi)箱(xiang)體(ti)內的戶外配電裝置。

2. 0. 12高壓線走廊high-tension line corridor

35kV及以上高(gao)壓(ya)架(jia)空(kong)電力(li)線路兩邊導線向外側延伸一(yi)定安(an)全距離所形(xing)成(cheng)的兩條平行線之間的通(tong)道。也稱高(gao)壓(ya)架(jia)空(kong)線路走廊。

3基本規定

3. 0. 1城(cheng)市電力(li)規(gui)劃(hua)應符合地區電力(li)系統規(gui)劃(hua)總(zong)體(ti)要求，并應與城(cheng)市總(zong)體(ti)規(gui)劃(hua)相協(xie)調。

3.0.2城市電(dian)力規劃(hua)(hua)編制階段、期限(xian)和范圍(wei)應與城市規劃(hua)(hua)相(xiang)一致(zhi)。

3.0.3城(cheng)市電(dian)力(li)規劃應根據所在(zai)城(cheng)市的性質、規模、國民(min)經(jing)濟、社會發展、地區(qu)能源資源分布、能源結構(gou)和電(dian)力(li)供應現狀(zhuang)等條件(jian)，結合所在(zai)地區(qu)電(dian)力(li)發展規劃及其重(zhong)大電(dian)力(li)設(she)施工程項(xiang)目近期建(jian)設(she)進度安排，由城(cheng)市規劃、電(dian)力(li)部(bu)門通過協商進行編制(zhi)。

3. 0. 4城市變電站、電力線路(lu)等各類供電設施(shi)的設置(zhi)應(ying)符合現行國(guo)家(jia)標(biao)準《電磁輻射防護規定(ding)》GB 8702和《環境電磁波衛(wei)生(sheng)標(biao)準》GB 9175電磁環境的有關(guan)規定(ding)。

3. 0. 5規劃新建的各(ge)類電力設施運行噪聲及廢水、廢氣(qi)、廢渣(zha)三(san)廢排放對周圍環境(jing)的干(gan)擾和影響(xiang)，應(ying)符合國家環境(jing)保護(hu)方面(mian)的法(fa)律、法(fa)規的有關規定。

3. 0. 6城市電力規(gui)(gui)劃編(bian)制過程(cheng)中，應與道路交通、綠化、供水(shui)、排(pai)水(shui)、供熱、燃(ran)氣(qi)、通信等規(gui)(gui)劃相(xiang)協調，統籌安(an)排(pai)，空間(jian)共(gong)享，妥善處(chu)理相(xiang)互間(jian)影響和矛盾。

4城市用電負荷

4. 1城市用電負荷分類

4.1.1城市用電(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)按城市建(jian)設用地性質分類，應與現行(xing)國家標準《城市用地分類與規(gui)劃建(jian)設用地標準》GB 50137所規(gui)定的城市建(jian)設用地分類相(xiang)一(yi)致(zhi)。城市用電(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷(he)按產業(ye)和生(sheng)活(huo)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)性質分類，可分為第(di)(di)一(yi)產業(ye)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)、第(di)(di)二產業(ye)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)、第(di)(di)三產業(ye)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)、城鄉居民生(sheng)活(huo)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)。

4.1.2城市(shi)用電負(fu)(fu)荷按城市(shi)負(fu)(fu)荷分(fen)布(bu)特點(dian)，可分(fen)為(wei)一般(ban)負(fu)(fu)荷(均(jun)布(bu)負(fu)(fu)荷)和點(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷兩(liang)類。

4. 2城市用電負荷預測

4. 2. 1城市總體(ti)規(gui)劃階(jie)段的電力規(gui)劃負荷預(yu)測宜包(bao)括下列內容:

 ;   1市(shi)域(yu)及中心城(cheng)區規劃最大(da)負荷(he);

    2市(shi)域及中(zhong)心(xin)城區(qu)規劃(hua)年總用電量;

    3中心城區規劃(hua)負荷(he)密(mi)度。

4. 2. 2城市詳細規(gui)劃階段(duan)電力(li)規(gui)劃負荷預測宜包括下列內(nei)容:

    1詳細規劃(hua)范圍內最(zui)大負(fu)荷;

    2詳細規劃范圍內規劃負荷密度。

4.2.3城市電(dian)力負荷(he)預(yu)測應(ying)確定一種(zhong)主要的預(yu)測方法，并(bing)應(ying)用其他預(yu)測方法進行(xing)補充、校核。

4. 2. 4負(fu)荷(he)同時率的大小，應根(gen)據(ju)各地(di)區電網用電負(fu)荷(he)特性(xing)確定。

4. 2. 5城市電力(li)負荷預測方法的選擇(ze)宜符合下列規定:

    1城市總體規劃階段電(dian)(dian)(dian)力負荷預測方法(fa)(fa)(fa)，宜選用(yong)人(ren)均用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)指標法(fa)(fa)(fa)、橫(heng)向比較法(fa)(fa)(fa)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力彈性系數法(fa)(fa)(fa)、回歸分析(xi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)、增長率法(fa)(fa)(fa)、單位建設用(yong)地(di)負荷密度法(fa)(fa)(fa)、單耗法(fa)(fa)(fa)等(deng)。

    2城(cheng)幣詳(xiang)細(xi)規(gui)劃階段的電力(li)負(fu)(fu)荷預測，一(yi)般負(fu)(fu)荷(均布負(fu)(fu)荷)宜(yi)選(xuan)用單(dan)位建筑面積負(fu)(fu)荷指標法等;點負(fu)(fu)荷宜(yi)選(xuan)用單(dan)耗法，或由(you)有(you)關(guan)專(zhuan)業部門(men)、設(she)計單(dan)位提供負(fu)(fu)荷、電量資料。

4. 3負荷預測指標

4. 3. 1當采用(yong)人(ren)均用(yong)電(dian)指標法或(huo)橫(heng)向比較(jiao)法預測城(cheng)市總用(yong)電(dian)量(liang)時(shi)，其規劃人(ren)均綜合(he)用(yong)電(dian)量(liang)指標宜符合(he)表(biao)4. 3. 1的規定。

4. 3. 2當采用(yong)人(ren)均用(yong)電指標(biao)法或(huo)橫向比(bi)較(jiao)法預測居民(min)生活用(yong)電量(liang)(liang)時，其規(gui)劃人(ren)均居民(min)生活用(yong)電量(liang)(liang)指標(biao)宜符合表4. 3. 2的規(gui)定。

4. 3. 3當采用單位(wei)建(jian)設(she)用地負荷密度法進行負荷預測時，其規劃單位(wei)建(jian)設(she)用地負荷指標宜符合表4. 3. 3的規定(ding)。

4. 3. 4當采(cai)用單位建(jian)筑(zhu)面積負荷(he)(he)密度指(zhi)標(biao)法時，其規劃單位建(jian)筑(zhu)面積負荷(he)(he)指(zhi)標(biao)宜符合表4. 3. 4的規定(ding)。

5城市供電電源

5.1城市供電電源種類和選擇

5.1.1城市供電(dian)電(dian)源可分為(wei)城市發電(dian)廠和接受市域(yu)外(wai)電(dian)力系統電(dian)能的電(dian)源變(bian)電(dian)站。

5.1.2城(cheng)市供電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)選(xuan)擇.應綜合(he)研(yan)究所在地區的(de)能源(yuan)資源(yuan)狀(zhuang)況、環境條件和可開(kai)發利用條件，進行統籌規(gui)劃，經濟合(he)理地確(que)定城(cheng)市供電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

5. 1. 3以(yi)系統受電或以(yi)水電供電為(wei)主的大城市，應(ying)規劃建設(she)適當容量的本地發電廠，以(yi)保證城市用電安全及調峰的需(xu)要。

5. 1. 4有(you)足夠穩(wen)定的冷(leng)、熱負荷的城市，電源規(gui)(gui)劃宜與供熱(冷(leng))規(gui)(gui)劃相結合，建設適當容量的冷(leng)、熱、電聯產電廠(chang)，并(bing)應符合下列規(gui)(gui)定:

    1以煤(燃(ran)氣)為主的城市(shi)，宜根(gen)據熱力負荷分布(bu)規(gui)劃(hua)建設熱電聯(lian)產(chan)的燃(ran)煤(燃(ran)氣)電廠(chang)，同時與城市(shi)熱力網規(gui)劃(hua)相協調。

    2城市(shi)規劃(hua)建(jian)設的集中(zhong)建(jian)設區(qu)或功能區(qu)，宜結(jie)合(he)功能區(qu)規劃(hua)用地性質的冷熱電(dian)負荷特點，規劃(hua)中(zhong)小(xiao)型燃氣冷、熱、電(dian)三聯(lian)供系統(tong)。

5.1.5在有足夠可再生(sheng)資源(yuan)的(de)城市，可規劃建設可再生(sheng)能源(yuan)電(dian)廠。

5. 2電力平衡與電源布局

5. 2. 1電(dian)力(li)(li)平(ping)衡應根據城(cheng)市(shi)總體規劃和地(di)區(qu)電(dian)力(li)(li)系統中(zhong)長期規劃，在負(fu)荷預(yu)測的(de)基礎上，考慮合理(li)的(de)備用容量，提(ti)出地(di)區(qu)電(dian)力(li)(li)系統需要提(ti)供該城(cheng)市(shi)的(de)電(dian)力(li)(li)總容量，并應協調(diao)地(di)區(qu)電(dian)力(li)(li)規劃。

5. 2. 2電(dian)源應(ying)根據所(suo)在城市(shi)的性質、人口規模和用地(di)布(bu)局，合理確定城市(shi)電(dian)源點(dian)的數量(liang)和布(bu)局，大、中城市(shi)應(ying)組成多電(dian)源供電(dian)系統。

5.2.3電(dian)源(yuan)布局(ju)應(ying)根據負荷分(fen)布和(he)電(dian)源(yuan)點的(de)連接方式，合理配置城市(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)點，協調好電(dian)源(yuan)布點與城市(shi)港口、機場(chang)、國防設施(shi)和(he)其他下程設施(shi)之間的(de)關(guan)系。

5.2.4燃(ran)(ran)煤(mei)(氣)電廠的布局應統籌(chou)考慮煤(mei)炭、燃(ran)(ran)氣輸送、環境(jing)影響、用地布局、電力系統需求等因素。

5. 2. 5可再(zai)生能(neng)源(yuan)電(dian)廠應(ying)依據資源(yuan)條件(jian)布(bu)局并應(ying)與城市規劃建設(she)相協調(diao)。

5. 3城市發電廠規劃布局

5. 3. 1城市(shi)發電廠(chang)的規(gui)(gui)劃布局，除(chu)應(ying)符合國(guo)家現行相關標準外，還應(ying)符合下列規(gui)(gui)定(ding):

    1燃(ran)煤(氣)電廠的廠址(zhi)宜選用(yong)城(cheng)市(shi)非耕地，并(bing)應符(fu)合現行國家標準(zhun)《城(cheng)市(shi)用(yong)地分類與規劃(hua)建設(she)用(yong)地標準(zhun)》GI3 50137的有關要求。

    2大、中型燃(ran)(ran)煤電(dian)廠應(ying)安排足(zu)夠(gou)容(rong)量的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)煤儲存用地;燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)電(dian)廠應(ying)有穩定的(de)(de)燃(ran)(ran)氣(qi)資源(yuan).并(bing)應(ying)規劃設計相應(ying)的(de)(de)輸氣(qi)管道(dao)。

    3燃煤電廠(chang)選址宜在城市最小風頻上風向，并應符合國家環境保護(hu)的有關(guan)規定。

    4供冷(leng)(leng)(熱)電廠宜(yi)靠近冷(leng)(leng)(熱)負荷中心，并與城市熱力(li)網設(she)計(ji)相匹配。

5. 3. 2燃(ran)煤電廠在規劃(hua)(hua)廠址的同(tong)時應規劃(hua)(hua)貯灰場和(he)水灰管(guan)線等.貯灰場宜利用荒(huang)、灘地或山(shan)谷(gu)。

5.3.3城市(shi)發電(dian)廠應根據(ju)發電(dian)廠與城網的連接(jie)方式規劃出線(xian)走廊。

5.4城市電源變電站布局

5. 4. 1電源變(bian)電站的位置應(ying)根據城市總體規劃布局、負荷(he)分布及與外部電網(wang)的連(lian)接方式、交通運(yun)輸條件、水(shui)文(wen)地質、環境影響(xiang)和(he)防(fang)洪、抗震要(yao)求等因素(su)進行技術經(jing)濟比較后合理確定。

5. 4. 2規劃新建(jian)的(de)電源變電站，應避開(kai)國家重點(dian)保護的(de)文化遺址(zhi)或(huo)有(you)重要(yao)開(kai)采價(jia)值的(de)礦藏。

5. 4. 3為保證(zheng)可靠(kao)供電(dian)，應在城區外圍建設高電(dian)壓等級的變電(dian)站，以構成(cheng)城市供電(dian)的主網架。

5.4.4對用(yong)電(dian)量大、高負荷(he)密(mi)度區(qu)，宜(yi)采用(yong)220kV及以上電(dian)源變電(dian)站深(shen)人負荷(he)中(zhong)心布置。

6城市電網

6. 1規劃原則

6.1.1城市(shi)電網規劃應(ying)分層(ceng)分區，各分層(ceng)分區應(ying)有(you)明確(que)的供電范圍(wei)，并(bing)應(ying)避免重(zhong)疊(die)、交錯(cuo)。

6.1.2城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)電(dian)源(yuan)應與城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)電(dian)網同步規(gui)劃，城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)電(dian)網應根據地(di)區發展(zhan)規(gui)劃和(he)地(di)區負荷密度，規(gui)劃電(dian)源(yuan)和(he)走(zou)廊用(yong)地(di)。

6.1.3城(cheng)市電(dian)(dian)網規(gui)劃(hua)應滿(man)足結(jie)構(gou)合(he)理、安全可靠(kao)、經濟運行的(de)要求，各級電(dian)(dian)網的(de)接線宜(yi)標準化，并應保證電(dian)(dian)能質量，滿(man)足城(cheng)市用電(dian)(dian)需求。

6.1.4城市(shi)電網的(de)規(gui)(gui)劃建設(she)應(ying)(ying)納人城鄉規(gui)(gui)劃，應(ying)(ying)按城市(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃布局和管線綜合(he)的(de)要求，統籌安(an)排、合(he)理預留(liu)城網中各級電壓變(bian)電站、開關站、電力線路等供電設(she)施的(de)位(wei)置和用地。

6. 2電壓等級和層次

6. 2. 1城(cheng)市電網電壓等級應符合(he)現行(xing)國家標準《標準電壓》GB/T 156的規定。

6. 2. 2城市電(dian)網應(ying)簡化變壓(ya)(ya)層級，優化配置電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級序(xu)列，避(bi)免重復降壓(ya)(ya)。城市電(dian)網的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)等級序(xu)列，應(ying)根據本地區實際情(qing)況和遠景發(fa)展確定。

6. 2. 3城市(shi)電網規劃(hua)的目標電壓等(deng)級序列以外的電壓等(deng)級，應(ying)限制(zhi)發展、逐(zhu)步改造(zao)。

6. 2. 4城(cheng)(cheng)市電(dian)網(wang)中(zhong)的(de)最(zui)高(gao)一級電(dian)壓(ya)，應考慮城(cheng)(cheng)市電(dian)網(wang)發展現狀，根據城(cheng)(cheng)市電(dian)網(wang)遠期的(de)規劃(hua)負(fu)荷量和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)市電(dian)網(wang)與外部電(dian)網(wang)的(de)連接方式確定。

6. 2. 5城市電(dian)網(wang)中各(ge)級電(dian)網(wang)容量應按一定(ding)的容載比配置(zhi)，各(ge)電(dian)壓(ya)等級城市電(dian)網(wang)容載比宜符合表(biao)6. 2. 5的規定(ding)。

7城市供電設施

7.1一般規定

7.1.1規劃新建或改(gai)建的(de)城(cheng)市供電設施的(de)建設標準(zhun)、結構選型，應與城(cheng)市現代(dai)化建設整體水平相適(shi)應。

7. 1. 2設(she)備(bei)選(xuan)(xuan)型應安(an)全(quan)可靠、經濟實用(yong)、兼顧差異，應用(yong)通(tong)用(yong)設(she)備(bei)，選(xuan)(xuan)擇(ze)技(ji)術(shu)成(cheng)熟(shu)、節能環保和抗震性能好(hao)的產(chan)品，并(bing)應符合國家有(you)關標準(zhun)的規定(ding)。

7. 1. 3規劃新建的城市(shi)供(gong)電設施應根(gen)據其所處(chu)地(di)段(duan)的地(di)形(xing)地(di)貌條(tiao)件和環境要(yao)求，選擇與周圍環境景觀相協調的結構形(xing)式與建筑外形(xing)。

7. 1. 4在自然災害(hai)多發地區和跨越(yue)鐵路(lu)或橋梁等地段(duan)、應(ying)提(ti)高城市供電設施的設計標準。

7. 1. 5供電(dian)(dian)設施規劃(hua)時(shi)應考慮城市分布式能(neng)源(yuan)、電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽車充電(dian)(dian)站等布局、接人需要(yao)，適應智(zhi)能(neng)電(dian)(dian)網發展。

7. 2城市變電站

7. 2. 1城市變電站結構形(xing)式分類應符合表7. 2. 1的規定。

7. 2. 2城市變電站按其一次側(ce)電壓等級可(ke)分為500kV,  330kV,220kV, 110 （66）kV, 35kV五類變電站。

7. 2. 3城市變電(dian)站主變壓(ya)(ya)器安(an)裝(zhuang)臺(組(zu))數宜(yi)為(wei)2臺(組(zu))~ 4臺(組(zu))，單(dan)(dan)臺(組(zu))主變壓(ya)(ya)器容(rong)量應(ying)標(biao)準化、系列(lie)化。35kV --500kV變電(dian)站主變壓(ya)(ya)器單(dan)(dan)臺(組(zu))容(rong)量選擇宜(yi)符合表(biao)7. 2. 3的規定。

7. 2. 4城市變電站規劃(hua)選址，應符(fu)合下列(lie)規定:

    1應與城(cheng)市總體規劃(hua)用地布局(ju)相協調(diao);

    2應靠近負(fu)荷中(zhong)心;

    3應便于進(jin)出線;

    4應方便交通運輸;

    5應減少對(dui)軍事設(she)(she)施(shi)、通(tong)信設(she)(she)施(shi)、飛機(ji)場(chang)、領(ling)(導)航(hang)臺、國家重點風景名勝區等設(she)(she)施(shi)的影(ying)響;

    6應避開易燃、易爆危險源和大氣嚴重污穢區及嚴重鹽(yan)霧區;

    7  220kV~500kV變電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)地面(mian)標(biao)高(gao)(gao)，宜高(gao)(gao)于100年一(yi)遇(yu)(yu)洪(hong)水位;35kV~11okV變電(dian)站(zhan)的(de)地面(mian)標(biao)高(gao)(gao).宜高(gao)(gao)于50年一(yi)遇(yu)(yu)洪(hong)水位;

    8應選(xuan)擇良好(hao)地質條件(jian)的地段(duan)。

7. 2. 5城市變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)出(chu)口應有(2~3）個電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)進出(chu)通道.應按(an)變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)終期規模考慮變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)及其(qi)周邊路網(wang)的電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)管溝規劃(hua)以滿足變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)進出(chu)線要求。

7.2.6規劃新建(jian)城市變電站的結構形式(shi)選擇，宜符合(he)下(xia)列(lie)規定:

    1在(zai)市區邊緣或郊區，可采用布(bu)置緊湊、占(zhan)地較少的全戶外式或半戶外式;

    2在市區內宜采用全戶(hu)內式或半戶(hu)外(wai)式;

    3在(zai)市中心地(di)區可在(zai)充分論證的(de)前提下結合綠地(di)或(huo)(huo)廣場建設全地(di)下式或(huo)(huo)半(ban)地(di)下式;

    4在大(da)、中城市(shi)的超高層(ceng)公共建筑群區、中心商務(wu)區及繁華、金融商貿(mao)街區，宜采用小型戶(hu)內(nei)式;可建設附建式或地下變電站。

7. 2. 7城市變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的用地(di)面積，應按變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)最終規模預(yu)留;規劃(hua)新建的35kV~500kV變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)規劃(hua)用地(di)面積控制指標宜符合表7.2.7的規定。

7. 3開關站

7. 3. 1高電壓線路伸人市區。可(ke)根(gen)據電網需求，建設(she)110kV及以(yi)上電壓等級開關站。

7. 3. 2當66kV~220kV變(bian)電站的(de)二次(ci)側35kV或10  (20)  kV出(chu)線(xian)走廊受到(dao)限制(zhi)，或者3kV或10  (20)  kV配電裝置間(jian)隔不足(zu)，且無擴建(jian)余地時，宜規劃建(jian)設開關站。

7.3.310（20）kV開關站應根(gen)據負荷的分布(bu)與特點(dian)布(bu)置。

7. 3.410（20）kV開關站(zhan)宜(yi)與10(20) kV配電(dian)室(shi)聯體建設，且宜(yi)考慮與公共建筑物混合建設。

7.3.510(20)kV開關站規劃用(yong)地面積控制指標宜(yi)符合表7.3.5的規定(ding)。

7.4環網單元

7. 4. 1  10kV （20kV)環網單元宜在(zai)地(di)面上建(jian)設(she)(she)，也可與用電(dian)單位的供電(dian)設(she)(she)施共同建(jian)設(she)(she)。與用電(dian)單位的建(jian)筑共同建(jian)設(she)(she)時，宜建(jian)在(zai)首層或地(di)下一層。

7. 4. 2 ;10kV （20kV)環網單(dan)元每組開閉設備宜為2路進線（4~6）路饋出線。

7. 5公用配電室

7. 5. 1規劃新建(jian)公(gong)用配電室的位置，應接近負荷中心(xin)。

7. 5. 2公用配電室宜按(an)“小容(rong)量(liang)、多布點”原則規劃設置(zhi)，配電變壓(ya)器安裝臺數(shu)宜為兩臺，單臺配電變壓(ya)器容(rong)量(liang)不宜超(chao)過(guo)1000kVA。

7. 5. 3在負(fu)荷密(mi)度較高(gao)的(de)市中心地區，住宅小(xiao)區、高(gao)層樓(lou)群、旅游(you)網點和(he)對市容(rong)有特殊要求(qiu)的(de)街區及(ji)分散的(de)大用電戶(hu)，規劃新建(jian)的(de)配(pei)電室宜采用戶(hu)內型(xing)結構。

7. 5. 4在公(gong)共建筑樓(lou)內規劃新建的配電室，應(ying)有良好的通風(feng)和(he)消防(fang)措施。

7. 5. 5當城市用地緊(jin)張、現有配電室無法擴容且(qie)選(xuan)址困難時(shi)，可采用箱式變電站(zhan)，且(qie)單臺變壓(ya)器容量不(bu)宜(yi)超過630kVA。

7. 6城市電力線路

7. 6. 1城市電力線(xian)路分為架空線(xian)路和地(di)下電纜線(xian)路兩類。

7. 6. ;2城市架空電力線(xian)路(lu)的路(lu)徑選(xuan)擇，應符合下列規(gui)定:

    1應根據城市地形(xing)、地貌(mao)特點和城市道(dao)路(lu)網規劃，沿道(dao)路(lu)、河渠、綠化帶(dai)架設，路(lu)徑應短(duan)捷、順直，減少同道(dao)路(lu)、河流、鐵路(lu)等的交叉，并應避免跨(kua)越建筑物;

    2 35kV及(ji)以上高壓架空電(dian)力線(xian)路(lu)應(ying)規劃專用通(tong)道，并應(ying)加以保(bao)護;

    3規劃新(xin)建的(de)35kV及(ji)以上高壓(ya)架空(kong)電力線(xian)路，不宜穿越市中心地區(qu)(qu)、重(zhong)要風(feng)景(jing)名勝區(qu)(qu)或中心景(jing)觀區(qu)(qu);

 ;   4宜避開空(kong)氣嚴重污(wu)穢(hui)區或(huo)有(you)爆(bao)炸(zha)危險品的建筑物、堆(dui)場(chang)、倉庫;

    5應滿足防洪、抗震要求。

7. 6. 3內單(dan)桿(gan)單(dan)回水平(ping)排(pai)列或(huo)單(dan)桿(gan)多回垂直排(pai)列的市區35kV~1000kV高壓架空電力線路規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)走廊寬度，宜根據(ju)所(suo)在城市的地(di)(di)(di)(di)理(li)位置(zhi)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)貌(mao)、水文(wen)、地(di)(di)(di)(di)質(zhi)、氣象等條件及(ji)當地(di)(di)(di)(di)用地(di)(di)(di)(di)條件，按表7. 6. 3的規(gui)(gui)定合理(li)確(que)定。

7. 6. 4市區內高壓架空電力(li)線路(lu)宜(yi)采用占地較少的(de)窄基桿塔和多回(hui)路(lu)同(tong)桿架設(she)的(de)緊(jin)湊型線路(lu)結構，多路(lu)桿塔宜(yi)安排在(zai)同(tong)一走廊(lang)。

7. 6. 5高壓架(jia)空(kong)(kong)電力(li)線(xian)(xian)路與鄰近通信設(she)施(shi)的防護間(jian)距，應(ying)符合(he)現行國家標準(zhun)《架(jia)空(kong)(kong)電力(li)線(xian)(xian)路與調幅廣播收音臺(tai)的防護間(jian)距》G13 7495的有關規定。

7. 6. 6高壓架空(kong)(kong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)與建(jian)筑(zhu)物之(zhi)間(jian)的最小(xiao)(xiao)垂(chui)直距離(li)、導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)與建(jian)筑(zhu)物之(zhi)間(jian)的水平距離(li)、導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)與地(di)面間(jian)最小(xiao)(xiao)垂(chui)直距離(li)、導(dao)線(xian)(xian)(xian)與街道行道樹之(zhi)間(jian)最小(xiao)(xiao)垂(chui)直距離(li)應符合現(xian)行國家標準《66kV及以下架空(kong)(kong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)設計規(gui)范(fan)》GB 50061,  《110kV~750kV架空(kong)(kong)輸電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)設計規(gui)范(fan)》GB 50545,  《1000kV架空(kong)(kong)輸電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)設計規(gui)范(fan)》GB 50665的有關(guan)規(gui)定(ding)。

7. 6. 7規劃新建(jian)的35kV及以上電力線(xian)路，在下(xia)(xia)列情況下(xia)(xia)，宜采用地下(xia)(xia)電纜線(xian)路:

    1在市(shi)(shi)中心地區、高層建筑群(qun)區、市(shi)(shi)區主干路、人口(kou)密(mi)集區、繁華街道(dao)等(deng);

    2重要風景(jing)名勝區的(de)核心區和對架空(kong)導線有嚴重腐蝕性(xing)的(de)地區;

    3走廊狹窄，架空線路(lu)難(nan)以(yi)通(tong)過的地(di)區;

    4電網結構或運行安全的特殊需要線(xian)路;

    5沿海地(di)區易受熱帶(dai)風暴侵襲的(de)主要城市(shi)的(de)重要供(gong)電區域(yu)。

7.6.8城區(qu)中、低壓配電(dian)(dian)線路應(ying)納人城市地下管線統(tong)籌規劃，其空間(jian)位置和走向應(ying)滿足配電(dian)(dian)網需(xu)求。

7.6.9城市(shi)地(di)(di)下(xia)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)路(lu)(lu)(lu)徑和敷設(she)方(fang)式的選擇，除應(ying)(ying)符合現行(xing)國家標準《電(dian)力工程電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)設(she)計規范(fan)》GB 50217的有關規定外，尚應(ying)(ying)根據道(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)網(wang)規劃(hua)，與(yu)道(dao)路(lu)(lu)(lu)走向相結合，并應(ying)(ying)保證地(di)(di)下(xia)電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)線(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)與(yu)城市(shi)其他市(shi)政公用工程管線(xian)間的安全(quan)距離(li)，同(tong)時電(dian)纜(lan)(lan)通(tong)道(dao)的寬度和深(shen)度應(ying)(ying)滿足電(dian)網(wang)發展需求。

本規范用詞說明

    1為便于(yu)在(zai)執行(xing)本規范條文(wen)時區別對待，對要(yao)求嚴(yan)格程度

不同(tong)的(de)用(yong)同(tong)說明如下:

      1）表示很嚴格(ge)，非這樣做不可的用詞:

          正面詞采用“必須”，反面詞采用“嚴禁”;

      2）表(biao)示(shi)嚴格，在正常情(qing)況下均應這樣做的用詞(ci):

          正面(mian)詞(ci)采用“應”，反面(mian)詞(ci)采用“不(bu)應”或“不(bu)得”;

      3)表示允許稍有(you)選擇，在條件(jian)許可時首先應這(zhe)樣做的用詞:

          正面(mian)詞采(cai)用“宜”，反(fan)面(mian)詞采(cai)用“不宜”;

      4)表示有選擇，在一(yi)定條件(jian)下可(ke)(ke)以這樣做的(de)用詞(ci)，采(cai)用 “可(ke)(ke)”。

    2條(tiao)文中指明應按其(qi)他有關標準執行的(de)寫法為:“應符合……的(de)規定”或“應按……執行”。

引用標準名錄

1《66kV及以下(xia)架空電力線(xian)路(lu)設計(ji)規范》GB 50061

2《城市用(yong)地(di)分類與規劃建設用(yong)地(di)標(biao)準》GB 50137

3《電力工程電纜設(she)計規范》GB 50217

4《110kV~75okV架空輸(shu)電線路設計規(gui)范》GB 50545

5《100okV架空輸電線路設(she)討一(yi)規范》GB 50665

6《標準電壓》GB/T 156

7《架空電力(li)線路與調幅廣播收(shou)音臺的防護間距》GB 7495

8《電磁(ci)輻射防護規定》GB 8702

9《環境電(dian)磁(ci)波衛生標準》GB 9175

修訂說明

    《城市電力規(gui)劃規(gui)范(fan)》GB/T 50293一2014(以下簡稱本(ben)規(gui)范(fan))，經住房和城鄉建設(she)部2014年8月(yue)27日以第520號公告(gao)批準(zhun)、發布。

    本(ben)規(gui)(gui)范是在《城市(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)力(li)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)規(gui)(gui)范》GB 50293一(yi)1999(以下簡(jian)稱原規(gui)(gui)范)的(de)基礎上(shang)修訂(ding)而成，上(shang)一(yi)版的(de)主編單位(wei)是中國(guo)(guo)城市(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)設計(ji)研究院(yuan)(yuan)，參(can)編單位(wei)是電(dian)力(li)工業部(bu)安全生(sheng)產(chan)監察司、國(guo)(guo)家電(dian)力(li)調度(du)中心(xin)、北(bei)京市(shi)(shi)(shi)城市(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)設計(ji)研究院(yuan)(yuan)、北(bei)京供電(dian)局、上(shang)海市(shi)(shi)(shi)城市(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)設計(ji)研究院(yuan)(yuan)、上(shang)海電(dian)力(li)工業局、天津市(shi)(shi)(shi)城市(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)設計(ji)研究院(yuan)(yuan)，主要(yao)起草人員是劉(liu)學珍、朱保(bao)哲、劉(liu)玉娟、孫軒、金文龍、屠三益、武緒敏、任年榮、全德良、呂千。

本次修訂的主要(yao)內容是:1.調整簡化了(le)(le)電(dian)力(li)規(gui)劃編(bian)制的內容要(yao)求(qiu)，將(jiang)原第3章“城市電(dian)力(li)規(gui)劃編(bian)制基本要(yao)求(qiu)”調改為“基本規(gui)定”;2.在“城市供(gong)電(dian)設施(shi)”增加“環(huan)網單元”內容;3.調整了(le)(le)電(dian)力(li)規(gui)劃負荷預測標準指(zhi)(zhi)標;4.調整了(le)(le)變電(dian)站(zhan)規(gui)劃用(yong)(yong)地控制指(zhi)(zhi)標;5.增加了(le)(le)超高(gao)壓、新(xin)能源(yuan)等相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)內容;6.增加了(le)(le)引用(yong)(yong)標準名錄;7.對相(xiang)關(guan)(guan)條文進行了(le)(le)補充(chong)修改。

本規(gui)范(fan)修(xiu)訂過程中，編制組進行(xing)了系統深人的(de)調查研究(jiu)，總結(jie)了我(wo)國城市電網(wang)規(gui)劃(hua)建設的(de)實踐經驗，同時參考了大量國內外已有的(de)相(xiang)關(guan)法規(gui)、技(ji)術標(biao)準，征求(qiu)了專家(jia)、相(xiang)關(guan)部(bu)門和社會各界對于原規(gui)范(fan)以及規(gui)范(fan)修(xiu)訂的(de)意見，并與(yu)相(xiang)關(guan)國家(jia)標(biao)準規(gui)范(fan)相(xiang)銜接。

為(wei)了(le)便于廣大規(gui)劃(hua)設計、施工(gong)、科研、學校(xiao)等單位有關人(ren)員在使(shi)用本(ben)規(gui)范時能正確理(li)解(jie)和執(zhi)行(xing)條(tiao)文規(gui)定，《城(cheng)市電力規(gui)劃(hua)規(gui)范》編制組按章(zhang)、節、條(tiao)順序編制本(ben)規(gui)范的(de)(de)(de)條(tiao)文說(shuo)明，對條(tiao)文規(gui)定的(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)，依(yi)據以(yi)及執(zhi)行(xing)中需要注意的(de)(de)(de)有關事項進(jin)行(xing)了(le)說(shuo)明。但是，本(ben)條(tiao)文說(shuo)明不具備與規(gui)范正文同等的(de)(de)(de)法律(lv)效力，僅供使(shi)用者作為(wei)理(li)解(jie)和把握規(gui)范的(de)(de)(de)參考。

1總則

1.0.1條文中(zhong)(zhong)明確規(gui)(gui)(gui)定了本規(gui)(gui)(gui)范編制的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)依據。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)是城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)組成部(bu)分，具(ju)有(you)綜合性(xing)、政策(ce)性(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)專(zhuan)業技術性(xing)較強的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)點(dian)，貫徹執行國(guo)家城(cheng)(cheng)鄉規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)、能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)關法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)方針政策(ce)，可為城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)編制工作提供可靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)律保證，以確保規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)質量。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)能(neng)源(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)有(you)關國(guo)家法(fa)(fa)規(gui)(gui)(gui)，主要(yao)包括:《中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉規(gui)(gui)(gui)劃(hua)法(fa)(fa)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)法(fa)(fa)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)土地管(guan)理(li)法(fa)(fa)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)環(huan)境保護(hu)法(fa)(fa)》、《中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)可再生(sheng)能(neng)源(yuan)法(fa)(fa)》和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)《中(zhong)(zhong)華(hua)(hua)人(ren)民(min)共(gong)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)國(guo)節約能(neng)源(yuan)法(fa)(fa)》等。

1.0.2本(ben)(ben)(ben)規范適用(yong)(yong)范圍(wei)包括(kuo)有兩(liang)層(ceng)含意:一是本(ben)(ben)(ben)規范適用(yong)(yong)于(yu)《中華人民共(gong)和國城(cheng)鄉(xiang)規劃法》所稱的(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)中的(de)(de)設(she)市(shi)城(cheng)市(shi)，也包括(kuo)建(jian)制(zhi)(zhi)鎮。但考慮我國建(jian)制(zhi)(zhi)鎮數量很多，規模和發(fa)展水平差異較大(da)，各(ge)地(di)理(li)位置、資源條件以(yi)及供電(dian)(dian)(dian)管理(li)水平和電(dian)(dian)(dian)力設(she)施裝備水平相差懸殊，各(ge)建(jian)制(zhi)(zhi)鎮可結合本(ben)(ben)(ben)地(di)實(shi)際(ji)情況因地(di)制(zhi)(zhi)宜地(di)參(can)照執行本(ben)(ben)(ben)規范。二是本(ben)(ben)(ben)規范的(de)(de)適用(yong)(yong)范圍(wei)覆蓋了《中華人民共(gong)和國城(cheng)鄉(xiang)規劃法》所規定的(de)(de)各(ge)層(ceng)次(ci)規劃階段(duan)中的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力規劃編制(zhi)(zhi)工(gong)作。對于(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業相關主管部門組織編制(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力專(zhuan)項規劃或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力發(fa)展規劃，其(qi)主要(yao)內容應符合本(ben)(ben)(ben)規范的(de)(de)要(yao)求，其(qi)他內容可以(yi)根據電(dian)(dian)(dian)力行業發(fa)展的(de)(de)專(zhuan)業需要(yao)確定。

1.0.5節(jie)約用(yong)地，十分珍惜和合理使(shi)用(yong)城市每一寸土地，是我國一項基本國策(ce)，尤其是在(zai)改(gai)革開放不(bu)斷深人發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)今天更為必要。執行本條文(wen)需注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)是:節(jie)約用(yong)地應(ying)在(zai)以保證供電(dian)設施(shi)安全經濟運(yun)行、方(fang)便維護為前提的(de)(de)(de)(de)條件(jian)(jian)下，依靠科學進步，采(cai)用(yong)新技(ji)術、新設備、新材料、新工藝，或者通過技(ji)術革新，改(gai)造原有(you)設備的(de)(de)(de)(de)布置方(fang)式，達到(dao)縮小用(yong)地、實現節(jie)省占(zhan)地的(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)，而(er)不(bu)能不(bu)考慮供電(dian)設施(shi)必要的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)術條件(jian)(jian)和功能上的(de)(de)(de)(de)要求(qiu)，硬性壓縮用(yong)地。

2術語

本(ben)(ben)章主要(yao)將本(ben)(ben)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)中(zhong)所涉及的城市電(dian)力規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)基本(ben)(ben)技(ji)術用語(yu)，給以(yi)統一(yi)定(ding)義和詞解(jie);或對(dui)在其(qi)他標準、規(gui)(gui)范(fan)中(zhong)尚未明確(que)定(ding)義的專(zhuan)用術語(yu)，而(er)在我國城市供用電(dian)領域中(zhong)已(yi)成熟的慣用技(ji)術用語(yu)，加以(yi)肯(ken)定(ding)、納入，以(yi)利于對(dui)本(ben)(ben)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)的正(zheng)確(que)理解(jie)和使用。

3基本規定

3. 0. 1城(cheng)市電力(li)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)城(cheng)市規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的重要組(zu)成部分，地區電力(li)系統(tong)是(shi)城(cheng)市重要的電源(yuan)，是(shi)確定(ding)城(cheng)網規(gui)(gui)模(mo)、布局(ju)的依(yi)據。因此，必(bi)須以城(cheng)市規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、地區電力(li)系統(tong)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)為依(yi)據，從全局(ju)出發，考慮城(cheng)市電力(li)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的編制工作。

3. 0. 2城(cheng)市電力規(gui)劃(hua)是城(cheng)市規(gui)劃(hua)的(de)配套規(gui)劃(hua)，規(gui)劃(hua)階段、期限和(he)范圍的(de)劃(hua)分(fen)，只有同城(cheng)市規(gui)劃(hua)相一致，才(cai)能使(shi)規(gui)劃(hua)的(de)內容、深度和(he)實施進度做(zuo)到與(yu)(yu)城(cheng)市整體發(fa)展(zhan)同步，使(shi)城(cheng)市土(tu)地利用、環境保(bao)護及城(cheng)市電力與(yu)(yu)其他(ta)工程(cheng)設施之間的(de)矛盾和(he)影響得到有效的(de)協(xie)調和(he)解決，取得最佳的(de)社會、經濟(ji)、環境綜(zong)合效益(yi)。

3. 0. 3條文中(zhong)提(ti)出的(de)(de)(de)編制城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)，尤(you)其(qi)是(shi)編制城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)總體(ti)(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)階(jie)段(duan)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)應由城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)兩部門(men)通(tong)過充分(fen)協(xie)商，密(mi)切(qie)合(he)作(zuo)進(jin)行編制的(de)(de)(de)理(li)由，主要(yao)(yao)是(shi)由城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)所具有的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合(he)協(xie)調性和電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)專(zhuan)業(ye)技術性很(hen)強的(de)(de)(de)雙重性特點所決定的(de)(de)(de)。在城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)編制工作(zuo)中(zhong)，要(yao)(yao)以城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)總體(ti)(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)為依(yi)據，統(tong)籌安排、綜(zong)合(he)協(xie)調各項電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)在城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空間中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)布(bu)局，為電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)設(she)(she)施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)建設(she)(she)提(ti)供(gong)必要(yao)(yao)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)空間，同(tong)時城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展，也離不開電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)能源的(de)(de)(de)供(gong)應，兩者(zhe)之間是(shi)一種(zhong)相(xiang)互聯系、相(xiang)互制約的(de)(de)(de)內涵關系。這種(zhong)雙重性特點在電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)總體(ti)(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)階(jie)段(duan)體(ti)(ti)現得更(geng)為突出，如果在編制電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)總體(ti)(ti)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)工作(zuo)中(zhong)，城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)(li)兩部門(men)之間不能取得密(mi)切(qie)配合(he)和協(xie)作(zuo)，使制定的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)過分(fen)地偏重其(qi)雙重性中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)任何一個方面，都將(jiang)不是(shi)一個全面完整的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)，也難以保證規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)質量(liang)和規(gui)(gui)劃(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)實施(shi)。

3. 0. 4 , 3. 0. 5這(zhe)兩(liang)條對城(cheng)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)生產(chan)(chan)、供應(ying)提出(chu)(chu)符(fu)合社會(hui)、經濟(ji)、環(huan)境(jing)綜(zong)合效益的(de)(de)具體要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力是一種先進的(de)(de)和(he)使用(yong)方便的(de)(de)優質能(neng)源(yuan).它(ta)是國(guo)民經濟(ji)發展的(de)(de)物(wu)質基礎。是人民生活的(de)(de)必需(xu)品(pin)，是現(xian)代社會(hui)生活的(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)標志。城(cheng)市現(xian)代化(hua)程度越高(gao)，對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)量就越大，但生產(chan)(chan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的(de)(de)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠所排(pai)出(chu)(chu)的(de)(de)廢水、廢氣、粉(fen)塵、灰渣和(he)承擔輸(shu)送(song)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)任務的(de)(de)高(gao)壓(ya)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和(he)高(gao)壓(ya)送(song)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)運行時(shi)所產(chan)(chan)生的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)磁(ci)輻(fu)射、場(chang)強及噪聲對城(cheng)市的(de)(de)影(ying)響如(ru)果處(chu)理不當，都將會(hui)污染城(cheng)市環(huan)境(jing)。因(yin)此(ci)，在規劃(hua)階段落實城(cheng)市發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)廠、高(gao)壓(ya)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)位置和(he)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線路(lu)和(he)路(lu)徑時(shi)，既(ji)要(yao)(yao)考(kao)慮滿足其(qi)靠近負荷中心(xin)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力技(ji)術要(yao)(yao)求(qiu)，也要(yao)(yao)充(chong)分考(kao)慮高(gao)壓(ya)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)和(he)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力線路(lu)規劃(hua)建(jian)設對周圍環(huan)境(jing)的(de)(de)影(ying)響，并提出(chu)(chu)切實可(ke)行的(de)(de)防治(zhi)措施。

3.0.6城市(shi)電(dian)力、供水、排水、供熱、燃氣、通(tong)信工(gong)(gong)程管(guan)(guan)(guan)線，均屬(shu)城市(shi)市(shi)政(zheng)公(gong)用工(gong)(gong)程管(guan)(guan)(guan)線，一般沿城市(shi)道路(lu)兩側(ce)的地上、地下敷設。在(zai)編制規(gui)劃過程中，城市(shi)電(dian)力規(gui)劃如不能與其(qi)他工(gong)(gong)程規(gui)劃之間(jian)(jian)很好地協(xie)調配合(he)，勢必將(jiang)造成電(dian)力線路(lu)與樹木(mu)之間(jian)(jian)、電(dian)力線路(lu)與其(qi)他工(gong)(gong)程管(guan)(guan)(guan)線相(xiang)互(hu)間(jian)(jian)的影響和矛(mao)盾，進而影響電(dian)力規(gui)劃的實施(shi)，并浪費國家資(zi)金(jin)。只有相(xiang)互(hu)之間(jian)(jian)密切配合(he)、統籌(chou)規(gui)劃，使(shi)電(dian)力管(guan)(guan)(guan)線在(zai)城市(shi)空間(jian)(jian)占(zhan)有合(he)理的位置，才能保證電(dian)力規(gui)劃得以順利實施(shi)。

4城市用電負荷

4.1城市用電負荷分類

4.1.1城(cheng)市用電負荷分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)的(de)方法很多，從不(bu)(bu)同(tong)角度出(chu)發可以(yi)有不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)。本節中(zhong)負荷分(fen)(fen)(fen)類(lei)(lei)的(de)制訂，主要從編制城(cheng)市電力規劃(hua)中(zhong)的(de)負荷預測工作(zuo)需要出(chu)發，總結全國各(ge)城(cheng)市編制城(cheng)市電力規劃(hua)的(de)負荷預測工作(zuo)經驗，研(yan)究、分(fen)(fen)(fen)析不(bu)(bu)同(tong)規劃(hua)階段的(de)負荷預測內容及其負荷特征、用電性質的(de)區別，加以(yi)分(fen)(fen)(fen)別歸類(lei)(lei)。

    按(an)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)性(xing)質進(jin)行負荷分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)符(fu)合城市(shi)規(gui)劃(hua)的(de)(de)(de)技術特征，主(zhu)要根據城市(shi)各類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)建設用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)電性(xing)質不同加以區(qu)別，并(bing)依據現(xian)行國家(jia)標(biao)(biao)準《城市(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)與規(gui)劃(hua)建設用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)標(biao)(biao)準》GB 50137中建設用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)符(fu)號、代碼分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)口(kou)徑進(jin)行相應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定。這種分(fen)類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)方法的(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要優點是:比較直觀，便于基(ji)礎(chu)資(zi)料的(de)(de)(de)收(shou)集，有較強的(de)(de)(de)適用(yong)(yong)(yong)性(xing)和可操作(zuo)性(xing)，能(neng)(neng)夠較好的(de)(de)(de)與城市(shi)規(gui)劃(hua)銜接(jie)。在城市(shi)總體規(gui)劃(hua)中按(an)各類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)建設用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)電性(xing)質的(de)(de)(de)區(qu)別來劃(hua)分(fen)負荷類(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)(lei)別進(jin)行負荷預

測(ce)，是取得比(bi)較滿意預(yu)測(ce)結果的主要負(fu)荷分類方法。

    按產(chan)(chan)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)分(fen)類則可以使負荷預測簡便(bian)。產(chan)(chan)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)與行業(ye)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)之間的關系:第一產(chan)(chan)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)為農、林、牧(mu)、副、漁(yu)、水(shui)利業(ye)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)，第二產(chan)(chan)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)為工(gong)業(ye)、建(jian)筑業(ye)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)，第三產(chan)(chan)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)為第一、第二產(chan)(chan)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)以外的其他產(chan)(chan)業(ye)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)，居民生(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)電(dian)指住宅用(yong)(yong)電(dian)。

4.1.2條文(wen)中(zhong)的(de)點負荷(he)(he)是指城市中(zhong)用電量大，負荷(he)(he)集中(zhong)的(de)大用電戶(hu)，如:大型(xing)工(gong)廠企業(ye)或大型(xing)公共(gong)建筑群。一般(ban)負荷(he)(he)(均(jun)布負荷(he)(he))是指點負荷(he)(he)以外(wai)分布較分散的(de)其他負荷(he)(he)，在負荷(he)(he)預(yu)測中(zhong)，為預(yu)測簡便，可將這些負荷(he)(he)看作是分布比較均(jun)勻(yun)的(de)一般(ban)用電戶(hu)。

4. 2城市用電負荷預測

4. 2. 3采用多種(zhong)能多地考(kao)(kao)慮相關因素(su)，彌補某(mou)一(yi)種(zhong)預測(ce)方法的局限性(xing)，從而使(shi)預測(ce)結果能夠比較全面地反映未來(lai)負荷的發展規律(lv)。采用多種(zhong)方法預測(ce)時，還應考(kao)(kao)慮影響未來(lai)城市負荷發展的不可預見的因素(su)，留有(you)一(yi)定裕度，以提高預測(ce)的準確性(xing)和(he)可靠性(xing)。

4.2.4通常情(qing)況(kuang)下，我們(men)將一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)按照(zhao)不同(tong)的(de)(de)要(yao)求可以劃(hua)分為(wei)若干(gan)(gan)個(ge)(ge)小的(de)(de)子網(wang)。負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)同(tong)時(shi)率就是(shi)在(zai)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)時(shi)刻，若干(gan)(gan)子網(wang)的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)之(zhi)和(he)與整個(ge)(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)比值。由于(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)地(di)區電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)內各(ge)類用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)特征(zheng)和(he)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)性能不同(tong)，各(ge)自最(zui)大(da)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)的(de)(de)巔峰值出現的(de)(de)時(shi)間都不一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣(yang)。故在(zai)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)段(duan)規(gui)(gui)定的(de)(de)時(shi)間內，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)地(di)區電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)(de)綜合最(zui)大(da)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)值往(wang)(wang)往(wang)(wang)是(shi)小于(yu)用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)各(ge)自的(de)(de)最(zui)大(da)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)值之(zhi)和(he)的(de)(de)。從空間特性來看，一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般在(zai)同(tong)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)地(di)區隨著用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)的(de)(de)增(zeng)多及區域的(de)(de)擴大(da)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)同(tong)時(shi)率變(bian)化是(shi)有規(gui)(gui)律的(de)(de)。一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方面用(yong)戶(hu)(hu)數越多、區域越大(da)，負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)同(tong)時(shi)率越低(di);另一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)方面，供電(dian)(dian)(dian)區域面積越大(da)，負(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)同(tong)時(shi)率趨向于(yu)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)(ge)穩(wen)定的(de)(de)值。

4. 2. 5條文中推(tui)薦的(de)幾種(zhong)負荷預測(ce)方(fang)法。是在總結全國各城市(shi)編(bian)制(zhi)城市(shi)電(dian)力(li)規(gui)劃進行負荷預測(ce)時常用(yong)的(de)幾種(zhong)預測(ce)方(fang)法的(de)經驗基(ji)礎上，吸收了城市(shi)用(yong)電(dian)水平預測(ce)的(de)最新(xin)科研成果，并參(can)考國家電(dian)網公司2006年制(zhi)定(ding)的(de)《城市(shi)電(dian)力(li)網規(gui)劃設計導則》中的(de)有關規(gui)定(ding)，經分析(xi)、研究后提出的(de)。

    由于每一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)預(yu)測(ce)方(fang)(fang)法都是在(zai)限定的(de)條件下建(jian)立的(de)預(yu)測(ce)模型，所(suo)以(yi)(yi)每一(yi)種(zhong)(zhong)預(yu)測(ce)方(fang)(fang)法的(de)范(fan)圍都有一(yi)定的(de)局限性，如電(dian)力(li)彈性系數法、增長(chang)率法、回歸分(fen)析(xi)法，主要根據歷史(shi)統(tong)計(ji)數據，進(jin)行(xing)分(fen)析(xi)而(er)建(jian)立的(de)預(yu)測(ce)數學模型，多用(yong)于宏觀預(yu)測(ce)城市(shi)總用(yong)電(dian)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)或校核(he)中遠期的(de)規劃負(fu)(fu)荷(he)預(yu)測(ce)值(zhi)，以(yi)(yi)上各種(zhong)(zhong)方(fang)(fang)法可以(yi)(yi)同時應用(yong)，并相互(hu)進(jin)行(xing)補(bu)充校核(he)。而(er)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)密度法、單耗法則適用(yong)于分(fen)項(xiang)分(fen)類的(de)局部預(yu)測(ce)，用(yong)以(yi)(yi)上方(fang)(fang)法預(yu)測(ce)的(de)負(fu)(fu)荷(he)可用(yong)橫向比較(jiao)法進(jin)行(xing)校核(he)、補(bu)充。

而在城(cheng)市(shi)詳細規劃階(jie)段，對地域范(fan)圍(wei)較小的(de)(de)(de)居住(zhu)區、工業區等(deng)局部范(fan)圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷(he)預(yu)測(ce)則多采用單位建筑面積負(fu)荷(he)指標法(fa)。近年來，城(cheng)市(shi)經濟(ji)的(de)(de)(de)高速發展、居民生活用電(dian)水(shui)平(ping)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)斷(duan)提高以(yi)及(ji)經濟(ji)結構調整、節能減排帶(dai)來的(de)(de)(de)產業用電(dian)負(fu)荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)，給負(fu)荷(he)預(yu)測(ce)帶(dai)來方(fang)(fang)法(fa)預(yu)測(ce)，并相互補充(chong)、校核，可以(yi)做(zuo)到(dao)盡可許多不(bu)確定因素。為此(ci)，還需(xu)要全(quan)國廣大(da)電(dian)力規劃工作者對電(dian)力負(fu)荷(he)預(yu)測(ce)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)進行積極研究(jiu)探索，除條文中推薦(jian)的(de)(de)(de)幾種預(yu)測(ce)方(fang)(fang)法(fa)外，尚需(xu)不(bu)斷(duan)開發研究(jiu)出(chu)一(yi)些新的(de)(de)(de)預(yu)測(ce)方(fang)(fang)一(yi)法(fa)，以(yi)使之充(chong)實完善。

4. 3負荷預測指標

4. 3. 1人均綜(zong)合(he)用電(dian)(dian)量(liang)指標是衡量(liang)一(yi)個國(guo)家或城市經(jing)濟發(fa)達程度的一(yi)個重(zhong)要(yao)參數，也是編(bian)制(zhi)(zhi)城市電(dian)(dian)力總(zong)體規劃時，校(xiao)核城市遠期(qi)用電(dian)(dian)量(liang)預測(ce)水(shui)平(ping)和宏(hong)觀控(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)遠期(qi)電(dian)(dian)力發(fa)展規模(mo)的重(zhong)要(yao)指標。

    規(gui)劃(hua)負荷指標(biao)的確定(ding)(ding)(ding)，受(shou)一定(ding)(ding)(ding)規(gui)劃(hua)期內(nei)的城市(shi)社(she)會(hui)(hui)經濟發展、人(ren)口(kou)規(gui)模、資源條件、人(ren)民(min)(min)物質文(wen)化(hua)生活水平、電力(li)供應程度(du)等(deng)因(yin)素(su)的制(zhi)約。規(gui)劃(hua)時各類用電指標(biao)的選取應根據(ju)所在城市(shi)的性質、人(ren)口(kou)規(gui)模、地理位置、社(she)會(hui)(hui)經濟發展、國內(nei)生產(chan)總值(zhi)、產(chan)業結構(gou)，地區能源資源和能源消費(fei)結構(gou)、電力(li)供應條件、居民(min)(min)生活水平及節(jie)能措(cuo)施等(deng)因(yin)素(su)，以(yi)該城市(shi)的現狀水平為基礎，對(dui)照(zhao)表4. 3. 1中相應指標(biao)分級內(nei)的幅值(zhi)范圍(wei)，進行綜合研究(jiu)分析、比較后，因(yin)地制(zhi)宜選定(ding)(ding)(ding)。

    由于(yu)我國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)數量(liang)多(duo)，各城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)之間(jian)人均(jun)綜(zong)合(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)差(cha)異懸殊，供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)條(tiao)件(jian)也(ye)不盡相同，條(tiao)文中(zhong)制(zhi)定(ding)的(de)(de)規劃(hua)人均(jun)綜(zong)合(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)指標，主(zhu)要根據近(jin)10多(duo)年(nian)來全(quan)國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)統計資(zi)料的(de)(de)整(zheng)理(li)、分析和對國(guo)內不同類(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)大、中(zhong)、小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)近(jin)年(nian)來用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現狀調查，并參考(kao)國(guo)外23個城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)綜(zong)合(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)，總(zong)結我國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)展規律的(de)(de)特點(dian)(dian)而(er)制(zhi)定(ding)的(de)(de)。全(quan)國(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人均(jun)綜(zong)合(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)幅(fu)度，大致(zhi)可分為四個層次，即用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)較(jiao)(jiao)高城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)中(zhong)上城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)中(zhong)等(deng)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)和用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)較(jiao)(jiao)低城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。通過(guo)分析還可以(yi)看出(chu)，我國(guo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)較(jiao)(jiao)高的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，多(duo)為以(yi)石(shi)油煤(mei)炭、化(hua)工、鋼鐵、原材料加工為主(zhu)的(de)(de)重工業型(xing)、能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)型(xing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。而(er)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)較(jiao)(jiao)低的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，多(duo)為人口多(duo)、經濟(ji)較(jiao)(jiao)不發(fa)達、能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)資(zi)源(yuan)貧乏的(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，或為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)供應條(tiao)件(jian)差(cha)的(de)(de)邊遠山區。但(dan)人口多(duo)、經濟(ji)較(jiao)(jiao)發(fa)達的(de)(de)直(zhi)轄市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)、省會(hui)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)及地(di)區中(zhong)心(xin)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)人均(jun)綜(zong)合(he)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)則處(chu)于(yu)全(quan)國(guo)的(de)(de)中(zhong)等(deng)或中(zhong)上等(deng)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)水(shui)(shui)平(ping)(ping)(ping)。這種受城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)性質、產(chan)業結構、人口規模、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)供應條(tiao)件(jian)、經濟(ji)基礎等(deng)因素制(zhi)約的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)發(fa)展規律，是符合(he)我國(guo)國(guo)情和各類(lei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)特點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)，這種用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)增(zeng)長的(de)(de)變化(hua)趨勢在(zai)今后(hou)將會(hui)保持相當(dang)長的(de)(de)一段時期。

4.3.2城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)用電(dian)水平(ping)是衡量(liang)(liang)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)現代化程度(du)的(de)重要指標之(zhi)一，人均居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)用電(dian)量(liang)(liang)水平(ping)的(de)高(gao)低，主(zhu)要受城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)地理位置、人口(kou)規模(mo)、經(jing)濟發展(zhan)水平(ping)、居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)收(shou)人、居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)家(jia)庭(ting)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)消費(fei)結構及(ji)家(jia)用電(dian)器的(de)擁(yong)有(you)量(liang)(liang)、氣候(hou)條件(jian)、生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)習慣、居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)用電(dian)量(liang)(liang)占(zhan)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)總(zong)用電(dian)量(liang)(liang)的(de)比(bi)重、電(dian)能供(gong)應政策及(ji)電(dian)源條件(jian)等諸多因素的(de)制(zhi)約。調查資料表(biao)(biao)明，改(gai)革(ge)開放以(yi)來，隨著城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)濟的(de)迅速發展(zhan)，我國(guo)普通居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)家(jia)庭(ting)經(jing)濟收(shou)人得(de)到提(ti)高(gao)，生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)消費(fei)結構發生(sheng)(sheng)了改(gai)變，使得(de)居(ju)(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)家(jia)庭(ting)生(sheng)(sheng)活(huo)用電(dian)量(liang)(liang)也出(chu)現了迅速增(zeng)加的(de)趨勢，見表(biao)(biao)1。

通過借鑒香港地區(qu)和國(guo)(guo)(guo)外城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)經(jing)驗以及對我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)70多個(ge)大、中(zhong)(zhong)、小城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)生活(huo)(huo)的(de)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)現狀調查資料可以看出(chu)，隨著城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)現代(dai)化(hua)(hua)進(jin)程(cheng)步伐的(de)加快，我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)生活(huo)(huo)消費水平已經(jing)上了(le)一個(ge)大臺階，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力供(gong)應條件也(ye)有了(le)較(jiao)大的(de)改善。我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)一般居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)家(jia)(jia)庭除了(le)少量(liang)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容量(liang)較(jiao)大、不具備在(zai)一般居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)家(jia)(jia)庭中(zhong)(zhong)普及的(de)家(jia)(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)仁如:電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)灶(6kW ~ 8kW ）、集中(zhong)(zhong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)采暖( 10kW以上)、大容量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)熱水器(qi)(qi)( 10kW )]外，其(qi)他(ta)中(zhong)(zhong)、高檔家(jia)(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)(如:家(jia)(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)空調器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)飯煲、微波(bo)爐、組合音響、錄像機、保健美容器(qi)(qi)具、文化(hua)(hua)娛樂器(qi)(qi)具、智能化(hua)(hua)家(jia)(jia)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)(qi)等)都(dou)有不同程(cheng)度(du)的(de)普及，人(ren)均居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)生活(huo)(huo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)在(zai)近年來有較(jiao)大增加。條文4. 3. 2的(de)規劃(hua)人(ren)均居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)生活(huo)(huo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)指標，適用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)于不含(han)市(shi)(shi)轄市(shi)(shi)、縣的(de)市(shi)(shi)區(qu)范圍。指標分(fen)級及其(qi)規劃(hua)指標幅值，是(shi)依據近年全國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)均居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)生活(huo)(huo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)統計值(表2)，并(bing)結合2012年國(guo)(guo)(guo)家(jia)(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力規劃(hua)研究中(zhong)(zhong)心發布(bu)的(de)《我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)中(zhong)(zhong)長期(qi)發電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能力及電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力需(xu)求發展預(yu)測》中(zhong)(zhong)的(de)相(xiang)關數(shu)據而制定的(de)。2012年我(wo)國(guo)(guo)(guo)人(ren)均居(ju)(ju)民(min)(min)生活(huo)(huo)用(yong)(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)大致在(zai)1000至3000kWh/(人(ren)·a)。

4. 3. 3表(biao)(biao)4. 3. 3規(gui)劃單(dan)位建(jian)設(she)用地負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)，主要適用于新(xin)興城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)或城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)新(xin)建(jian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、開發(fa)(fa)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)預測(ce)(ce)。該(gai)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)確(que)定，一(yi)是調(diao)研(yan)了全國50多(duo)個(ge)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)新(xin)建(jian)區(qu)(qu)(qu)、經濟技術(shu)開發(fa)(fa)區(qu)(qu)(qu)規(gui)劃實(shi)施以來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)(ge)類建(jian)設(she)用地用電指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)實(shi)測(ce)(ce)數(shu)據(ju)。進人20世紀90年(nian)(nian)代(dai)以后，上(shang)(shang)海(hai)、北(bei)京(jing)、廣州等經濟率先發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)，市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)內特(te)別繁華區(qu)(qu)(qu)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)密度(du)迅速增加，已(yi)達(da)到(30~80)MW/km2。根據(ju)相關資料，長(chang)沙市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2010年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)密度(du)已(yi)達(da)到11. 4MW/km2，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)部分(fen)(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)(qu)域的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)密度(du)已(yi)達(da)18MW/km2;廣州市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)2010年(nian)(nian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)(ping)均負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)密度(du)已(yi)達(da)到18. 3MW/km2，市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)(qu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃平(ping)(ping)(ping)均負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)密度(du)約(yue)為35MW/km2以上(shang)(shang)。北(bei)京(jing)、上(shang)(shang)海(hai)及國外部分(fen)(fen)(fen)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)密度(du)參(can)見表(biao)(biao)3、表(biao)(biao)4。到2010年(nian)(nian)，在上(shang)(shang)海(hai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)區(qu)(qu)(qu)供電公司(si)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)轄區(qu)(qu)(qu)范圍內，平(ping)(ping)(ping)均負(fu)(fu)(fu)荷(he)(he)密度(du)為3. 8MW/km2，最密集地區(qu)(qu)(qu)高達(da)38. 3MW。二是參(can)考(kao)了部分(fen)(fen)(fen)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)現行指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)或經驗數(shu)據(ju)，綜(zong)合(he)分(fen)(fen)(fen)析了我國城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)未(wei)來各(ge)(ge)類建(jian)設(she)用地用電的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)趨勢。廣州、上(shang)(shang)海(hai)、陜西等地區(qu)(qu)(qu)規(gui)劃參(can)考(kao)指(zhi)標(biao)(biao)見表(biao)(biao)5、表(biao)(biao)6、表(biao)(biao)7等。

    3）陜西省城鄉規劃設(she)計(ji)院(yuan)負(fu)荷預測(ce)指標

    總體規劃階(jie)段:

    單位用(yong)地負(fu)荷指標(biao)(kW/hm2），含居住用(yong)地、公共建筑用(yong)地和工業用(yong)地等三類。

    城市:居(ju)住用(yong)(yong)地(di)36kW./hm2、公(gong)共建筑用(yong)(yong)地(di)70kW/hm2、工業用(yong)(yong)地(di)80kW/hm2。

    縣城:居住用地(di)27kW/hm2、公共建筑(zhu)用地(di)52kW/hm2、工(gong)業用地(di)80kW/hm2。

    詳細規劃階段:

    (1）各類用(yong)地的(de)最高用(yong)電(dian)負荷((kW/m2，建筑面積(ji))

    住宅(zhai):80W/m2、辦(ban)公金融(rong)90W/m2、商業(ye)100W/m2、醫(yi)療衛生70 W/m2、教育科研50W/m2、文化娛樂(le)80W/m2、市政設(she)施90W/m2、倉儲物流(liu)40W/m2、道路廣場30W/m2。

    (2)同(tong)時率的取值(zhi)范圍:0. 5~0. 7

    選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)表(biao)4.3.3規劃(hua)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)時，需根據規劃(hua)區中所包(bao)括的(de)城市建設(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)類別(bie)、規劃(hua)內容(rong)的(de)要(yao)求(qiu)和各類建設(she)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)構成作適當修正，如:規劃(hua)區中的(de)居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，可(ke)以(yi)(yi)是高(gao)級(ji)住(zhu)宅(zhai)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，也可(ke)以(yi)(yi)是普(pu)通(tong)住(zhu)宅(zhai)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)或別(bie)墅居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，還可(ke)以(yi)(yi)是幾(ji)種住(zhu)宅(zhai)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)塊皆有。此時，各類居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)負荷預測時所選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)的(de)規劃(hua)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)負荷指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)值(zhi)應是不相同的(de)，高(gao)級(ji)住(zhu)宅(zhai)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)塊的(de)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)負荷指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)值(zhi)要(yao)高(gao)一些，普(pu)通(tong)住(zhu)宅(zhai)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)塊的(de)規劃(hua)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)居(ju)(ju)住(zhu)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)負荷指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)值(zhi)則要(yao)低一些。公共(gong)設(she)施用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的(de)功能地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)塊類別(bie)更(geng)加(jia)繁(fan)多、更(geng)加(jia)復(fu)雜些，其(qi)規劃(hua)單(dan)位(wei)(wei)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)負荷指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)值(zhi)的(de)選(xuan)取應由各城市權衡(heng)確定。

4.3.4城(cheng)市建(jian)筑類(lei)別(bie)很多(duo)，各類(lei)建(jian)筑在不同城(cheng)市、地(di)區的(de)規劃(hua)內(nei)容不同，需要配置的(de)用(yong)電設(she)施標準(zhun)和數量也有差別(bie)。現(xian)將各建(jian)筑類(lei)別(bie)及建(jian)設(she)用(yong)地(di)的(de)負荷密度指(zhi)標制定依(yi)據(ju)分述如下:

    (1)居(ju)(ju)(ju)住(zhu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)單位建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)負(fu)荷(he)大(da)小(xiao)與建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)性(xing)質、建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)標(biao)準(zhun)和其所處城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)位置、經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發展水(shui)平、供(gong)電(dian)條件、家(jia)庭能(neng)源消費構成(cheng)、居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)收(shou)(shou)人及居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)家(jia)庭物質文(wen)化生(sheng)(sheng)活消費水(shui)平、氣溫(wen)、生(sheng)(sheng)活習(xi)慣、居(ju)(ju)(ju)住(zhu)條件等(deng)因素有(you)關。據(ju)對(dui)北(bei)京、土海(hai)、天津、廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)、汕頭(tou)、深圳(zhen)、重(zhong)慶(qing)、西安、延(yan)安等(deng)50多個城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)已建(jian)(jian)居(ju)(ju)(ju)住(zhu)小(xiao)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)居(ju)(ju)(ju)住(zhu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)用(yong)電(dian)現狀典(dian)型調(diao)查及全國城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)函調(diao)所得資料分析:一般經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)較(jiao)(jiao)發達、居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)家(jia)庭收(shou)(shou)人較(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)(gao)、氣溫(wen)高(gao)(gao)、熱季長的(de)(de)(de)南方(fang)沿海(hai)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)普通居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)家(jia)庭中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)器(qi)擁有(you)量(liang)和家(jia)庭生(sheng)(sheng)活用(yong)電(dian)量(liang)比(bi)一般內(nei)地(di)(di)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)要高(gao)(gao)，單位建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)負(fu)荷(he)指標(biao)值也(ye)(ye)(ye)偏大(da)，如:廣(guang)州(zhou)(zhou)50W/m2，深圳(zhen)45W/m2上海(hai)為55W/m2;而城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)發展較(jiao)(jiao)慢、居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)收(shou)(shou)人和生(sheng)(sheng)活消費水(shui)平較(jiao)(jiao)低、氣溫(wen)較(jiao)(jiao)低的(de)(de)(de)我國西北(bei)地(di)(di)區(qu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)或經(jing)濟(ji)(ji)較(jiao)(jiao)貧困(kun)的(de)(de)(de)山區(qu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)普通居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)家(jia)庭對(dui)家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)需求量(liang)比(bi)南方(fang)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)相對(dui)要少，購買家(jia)用(yong)電(dian)器(qi)能(neng)力也(ye)(ye)(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)差，所以居(ju)(ju)(ju)民(min)家(jia)庭用(yong)電(dian)量(liang)也(ye)(ye)(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)小(xiao)，單位建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)負(fu)荷(he)指標(biao)值也(ye)(ye)(ye)較(jiao)(jiao)低。本條文(wen)也(ye)(ye)(ye)參考國內(nei)一些城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)居(ju)(ju)(ju)住(zhu)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)現行使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃單位建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)負(fu)荷(he)地(di)(di)方(fang)標(biao)準(zhun)(最高(gao)(gao)為70W/m2，最低為30W/m2)和國外一些城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)及香港(gang)

地區現(xian)行(xing)(xing)采(cai)用的(de)(de)(de)居(ju)(ju)住建筑用電指標，考慮(lv)我國城市未(wei)來(lai)居(ju)(ju)民生活水平的(de)(de)(de)提高和電能(neng)供(gong)應(ying)條件的(de)(de)(de)改善因素，同時考慮(lv)了(le)居(ju)(ju)民家庭生活能(neng)源消(xiao)費(fei)的(de)(de)(de)多(duo)能(neng)互補(bu)因素，進行(xing)(xing)綜合分析研究后制(zhi)定了(le)居(ju)(ju)住建筑單位建筑面積負(fu)荷指標值(zhi)。   

    (2)公共(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)指標值(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)小，主要取(qu)決于公共(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)類別、功(gong)能(neng)、等級、規(gui)模和需(xu)要配置(zhi)用(yong)電設(she)備的(de)(de)(de)(de)完(wan)善(shan)程度，除此之(zhi)外，公共(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)中的(de)(de)(de)(de)賓(bin)館(guan)、飯(fan)店(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)值(zhi)還與空調制冷形式的(de)(de)(de)(de)選用(yong)、綜合性營業(ye)項目的(de)(de)(de)(de)多少(餐飲(yin)、娛(yu)樂、影劇等)有(you)關(guan)(guan)，商(shang)貿(mao)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)還與營業(ye)場(chang)(chang)地(di)的(de)(de)(de)(de)大(da)(da)(da)小、經(jing)(jing)營商(shang)品(pin)的(de)(de)(de)(de)檔次、品(pin)種等有(you)關(guan)(guan)。據(ju)對我國50多個城市已建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)公共(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)電現狀調查分(fen)析，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)中高檔賓(bin)館(guan)、飯(fan)店(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)值(zhi)約(yue)(yue)為(wei)(wei)(80~120) W/m2，一(yi)般(ban)(ban)經(jing)(jing)濟性酒店(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)值(zhi)約(yue)(yue)為(wei)(wei)(50~90) W/m2。商(shang)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)值(zhi)大(da)(da)(da)致分(fen)為(wei)(wei):大(da)(da)(da)型商(shang)場(chang)(chang)(80~120) W/m2，中型商(shang)場(chang)(chang)(50~80) W/m2，例如(ru):上(shang)海(hai)東方商(shang)廈(sha)85W/m2，友誼商(shang)城95W/m2，大(da)(da)(da)潤發(fa)80W/m2，百(bai)安居(ju)65W/m2，廣州百(bai)貨大(da)(da)(da)樓(lou)則高達140W/m2。寫字樓(lou)、行政辦公樓(lou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)電負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)比較穩定，單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)值(zhi)一(yi)般(ban)(ban)在(50~90)W/m2左右，其中行政辦公負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)指標略低于商(shang)務寫字樓(lou)，例如(ru)深(shen)圳(zhen)海(hai)豐苑大(da)(da)(da)廈(sha)70W/m2，日本世貿(mao)中心80W/m2 ,萃莊鎮人民(min)政府60W/m2。基礎教育設(she)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)值(zhi)約(yue)(yue)為(wei)(wei)(20~40) W/m2，醫療衛生及(ji)設(she)施服務設(she)施的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)(dan)(dan)位(wei)(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)面積(ji)負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)值(zhi)約(yue)(yue)為(wei)(wei)(40--60)W/m2。以上(shang)調查研究所(suo)得(de)數值(zhi)和目前(qian)我國一(yi)般(ban)(ban)城市規(gui)劃(hua)設(she)計中采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃(hua)用(yong)電指標基本上(shang)是(shi)相吻合的(de)(de)(de)(de)，預計在今(jin)后相當長時間內，其負(fu)荷(he)(he)(he)水平不(bu)會有(you)太大(da)(da)(da)變化，經(jing)(jing)上(shang)述綜合分(fen)析比較后確定了表4. 3. 4中公共(gong)(gong)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)規(gui)劃(hua)指標值(zhi)。

    (3)工(gong)(gong)業建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃單(dan)(dan)位(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑面(mian)(mian)積負(fu)荷指標(biao)(biao)(biao)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)確定主要(yao)(yao)根據(ju)上海(hai)、北京(jing)、西(xi)安、深圳、廣州、天津、大連、汕(shan)頭等50多(duo)個城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)已(yi)規(gui)劃實施(shi)的(de)(de)(de)新建(jian)(jian)(jian)工(gong)(gong)業區(qu)和(he)(he)經(jing)濟技術開(kai)發(fa)(fa)區(qu)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)業標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)廠(chang)房用(yong)電實測(ce)數(shu)據(ju)，以(yi)及上海(hai)、北京(jing)、西(xi)安、深圳等多(duo)個城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)規(gui)劃部門(men)現(xian)(xian)行使用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)荷密度(du)指標(biao)(biao)(biao)值(zhi)，并參(can)考(kao)目(mu)前香(xiang)港地(di)(di)區(qu)和(he)(he)內地(di)(di)一些城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)規(gui)定或經(jing)驗數(shu)據(ju)及用(yong)電現(xian)(xian)狀(zhuang)調(diao)查(cha)，經(jing)過綜(zong)合分析研究后制定的(de)(de)(de)。表4. 3. 4中(zhong)工(gong)(gong)業建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)劃單(dan)(dan)位(wei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑面(mian)(mian)積負(fu)荷指標(biao)(biao)(biao)，主要(yao)(yao)適用(yong)于以(yi)電子、紡織(zhi)、輕工(gong)(gong)制品、機械制造、食品工(gong)(gong)業、醫藥制造等工(gong)(gong)業為主的(de)(de)(de)綜(zong)合工(gong)(gong)業標(biao)(biao)(biao)準(zhun)廠(chang)房建(jian)(jian)(jian)筑。另外(wai)，根據(ju)我國城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)現(xian)(xian)階段的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)展狀(zhuang)況(kuang)和(he)(he)經(jing)濟結構調(diao)整的(de)(de)(de)趨勢(shi)，中(zhong)心城(cheng)(cheng)及新城(cheng)(cheng)地(di)(di)區(qu)將(jiang)逐步限制和(he)(he)取消高能耗(hao)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)業類(lei)型，因此城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)區(qu)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)業用(yong)電負(fu)荷密度(du)指標(biao)(biao)(biao)要(yao)(yao)低于城(cheng)(cheng)鎮(zhen)建(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)區(qu)。

    (4)參考上海、北京、廣州、深(shen)圳、西安等多個城市(shi)的(de)規劃部門現行使用的(de)負(fu)荷密度指(zhi)標值(zhi)以及香(xiang)港和內地一些城市(shi)的(de)經(jing)驗數據，經(jing)綜(zong)合分析與(yu)比(bi)較后確定(ding)了表4. 3. 4中倉儲物流建筑與(yu)市(shi)政(zheng)設(she)施建筑用電負(fu)荷密度指(zhi)標值(zhi)。

（5）近年(nian)來隨著低(di)碳(tan)節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)、可持續(xu)發展(zhan)(zhan)理念在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市發展(zhan)(zhan)中(zhong)得以體(ti)(ti)現，新(xin)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)技(ji)術(shu)及高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)供能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)方式的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用成(cheng)為(wei)新(xin)的(de)(de)(de)趨勢，尤(you)其在(zai)部分(fen)南方城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市。太陽能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)在(zai)示(shi)范性(xing)(xing)社(she)區中(zhong)得到規(gui)模應(ying)(ying)用，小(xiao)型分(fen)布式風能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)用以補(bu)(bu)充(chong)地(di)區照(zhao)明等用電(dian)，而以多種能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)集合高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)利用的(de)(de)(de)區域能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)心(xin)在(zai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市新(xin)規(gui)劃居住區、工業區以及CBD地(di)區得到較大(da)(da)規(gui)模的(de)(de)(de)應(ying)(ying)用和(he)(he)推廣，例如廣州大(da)(da)學城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)心(xin)、江蘇鹽(yan)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)海(hai)水源(yuan)(yuan)熱(re)泵(beng)(beng)、上(shang)(shang)海(hai)陳(chen)家鎮實驗生(sheng)態社(she)區、上(shang)(shang)海(hai)虹橋商務(wu)區一期能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)心(xin)、山西永(yong)濟市地(di)源(yuan)(yuan)熱(re)泵(beng)(beng)供能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)等，這(zhe)(zhe)些案例有一些屬(shu)于(yu)示(shi)范性(xing)(xing)項目(mu)，有一些則已經較為(wei)成(cheng)熟，是城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市體(ti)(ti)現節能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)減排(pai)、轉型發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)重要措施。而這(zhe)(zhe)些供能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)投運實現了(le)能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)效(xiao)利用，是對傳統(tong)大(da)(da)電(dian)網體(ti)(ti)制下用能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)方式的(de)(de)(de)一種補(bu)(bu)充(chong)和(he)(he)革(ge)新(xin)，體(ti)(ti)現在(zai)用電(dian)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)荷上(shang)(shang)必然是降(jiang)低(di)了(le)用電(dian)需求量(liang)。因此在(zai)電(dian)力(li)(li)規(gui)劃負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)荷預測(ce)時(shi)應(ying)(ying)當(dang)考(kao)慮這(zhe)(zhe)一用能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)新(xin)趨勢，對于(yu)采用分(fen)布式功能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)系統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑或地(di)區，在(zai)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)荷預測(ce)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)的(de)(de)(de)選取時(shi)，應(ying)(ying)根據空(kong)調冷熱(re)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)荷的(de)(de)(de)比(bi)重適當(dang)降(jiang)低(di)取值。能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)比(bi)較低(di)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)荷密度(du)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)調低(di)幅(fu)度(du)較大(da)(da)，能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)效(xiao)比(bi)較高(gao)(gao)的(de)(de)(de)建(jian)筑負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)荷密度(du)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)調低(di)幅(fu)度(du)較小(xiao)。例如:在(zai)上(shang)(shang)海(hai)市電(dian)力(li)(li)公司2011年(nian)完成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)《上(shang)(shang)海(hai)市新(xin)虹橋醫學園區高(gao)(gao)壓配電(dian)網專業規(gui)劃》中(zhong)，由于(yu)考(kao)慮采用能(neng)(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)(yuan)中(zhong)心(xin)模式提(ti)供空(kong)調冷熱(re)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)荷，在(zai)商力(li)(li)、用地(di)的(de)(de)(de)負(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)荷預測(ce)指(zhi)(zhi)標(biao)取值上(shang)(shang)降(jiang)低(di)了(le)(20~30)W/m2。

5城市供電電源

5. 1城市供電電源種類和選擇

5.1.1城(cheng)市發(fa)(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)種類主(zhu)要有:火電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、水(shui)電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、核電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)和(he)其他(ta)電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)，如(ru):太陽(yang)能發(fa)(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、風力(li)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、潮汐發(fa)(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)、地熱發(fa)(fa)電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)等。目前我國(guo)城(cheng)市供電(dian)電(dian)源仍以火電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)和(he)水(shui)電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)為(wei)主(zhu)，核電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)尚處于起步階(jie)段，其他(ta)電(dian)廠(chang)(chang)(chang)占的比例很小。

電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，是指位(wei)于城(cheng)網主干送(song)電(dian)(dian)網上(shang)的變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)，主要接受區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網電(dian)(dian)能(neng)，并提(ti)供城(cheng)市電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。它也是區域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網的一部分(fen)，起轉送(song)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)的樞紐變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)作(zuo)用。

5. 1. 3以系統(tong)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)或以水電(dian)(dian)(dian)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)為主(zhu)的城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)，每年逢(feng)枯水期，電(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)供(gong)(gong)應(ying)量都(dou)將大(da)幅(fu)度(du)減少，遇到嚴重干旱(han)缺(que)水年份，還需(xu)實行限(xian)時、限(xian)量供(gong)(gong)應(ying)，有(you)許多企業實行一星(xing)期供(gong)(gong)4停(ting)3，甚至供(gong)(gong)3停(ting)4，一些(xie)高耗能(neng)企業在缺(que)電(dian)(dian)(dian)高峰期只(zhi)能(neng)停(ting)產(chan)，居(ju)(ju)民(min)生活拉(la)閘限(xian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，給(gei)國民(min)經濟造成很大(da)損失，也(ye)給(gei)城(cheng)(cheng)鄉(xiang)居(ju)(ju)民(min)帶來極大(da)不便(bian)。在以系統(tong)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)或以水電(dian)(dian)(dian)供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)為主(zhu)的城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)，如(ru)結合自身條件(jian)建設適當(dang)比例的火(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠，則可以彌補(bu)因枯水期缺(que)水造成供(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)緊張的局面。

5. 1. 4熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)冷聯(lian)產(chan)系(xi)統有(you)多(duo)方面的優勢:(1)提(ti)高(gao)能源(yuan)供(gong)應安全(quan)，在大型(xing)發(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)運行或供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)中斷時，小型(xing)熱(re)電(dian)(dian)(dian)聯(lian)產(chan)/三(san)聯(lian)產(chan)機(ji)組(zu)接人電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)，可(ke)保證繼續供(gong)應終端用(yong)(yong)戶;(2)增加電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)穩定(ding)性，由(you)于(yu)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)吸收循環(huan)取代目前(qian)普(pu)遍采(cai)用(yong)(yong)的制冷循環(huan)，故在盛夏時節，三(san)聯(lian)產(chan)機(ji)組(zu)大大緩(huan)解(jie)了電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的壓力(li)。鑒(jian)于(yu)夏季用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)高(gao)峰時電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)公(gong)司常啟(qi)用(yong)(yong)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)機(ji)組(zu)，輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)常處于(yu)超負荷狀態，三(san)聯(lian)產(chan)機(ji)組(zu)可(ke)進(jin)一步提(ti)高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)穩定(ding)性，并(bing)提(ti)高(gao)系(xi)統效率(lv)。

    燃氣三聯產技(ji)術(shu)的(de)(de)適用(yong)條件:第(di)一，冷熱電(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷相對(dui)穩定，運行時(shi)間較(jiao)長;第(di)二，較(jiao)高(gao)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)價和相對(dui)較(jiao)低的(de)(de)天然氣價格;第(di)三，對(dui)使用(yong)冷熱電(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)收(shou)費有保證;第(di)四，相對(dui)較(jiao)為嚴格的(de)(de)環境(jing)保護要(yao)求(qiu);第(di)五，需要(yao)有事故備(bei)(bei)用(yong)或備(bei)(bei)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)，即對(dui)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)的(de)(de)可靠性(xing)要(yao)求(qiu)較(jiao)高(gao)。符合上述條件的(de)(de)行業主要(yao)是賓館、醫院、大型商用(yong)建筑、寫字樓、機場、工廠等。

5. 2電力平衡與電源布局

5. 2. 1電力平衡就(jiu)是(shi)根(gen)據(ju)預測的規劃城市總用電負荷量與城網(wang)內各類發電廠(chang)總容量進行平衡。具體表達(da)為:

        P總=P用+P送+P備+P損+P廠一P受一P自(1)

式(shi)中:P總(zong)—城網(wang)內各(ge)類發電廠總(zong)容量(liang);

      P用—規劃城市總用電負荷量;

      P送—城市(shi)發電(dian)廠向系統電(dian)網送出(chu)的發電(dian)容量;

      P受—城網(wang)接受系統送人的容量;

      P備—城市發電廠備用容量;

      P損—城網(wang)網(wang)損;

      P廠—城市發(fa)電廠廠用(yong)電;

   ;   P自—城市大用電戶(hu)自備電廠容量(liang)。

5.2.5污水處理發(fa)電(dian)、沼(zhao)氣發(fa)電(dian)、光伏發(fa)電(dian)、光膜發(fa)電(dian)等(deng)要考慮與城市規(gui)劃建筑進(jin)行總體設計。

5. 3城市發電廠規劃布局

5. 3. 1條文規(gui)(gui)定的(de)城市發(fa)(fa)電廠(chang)(chang)布置原則，與國家現行標準(zhun)《小型火力發(fa)(fa)電廠(chang)(chang)設計規(gui)(gui)范》GB 50049及《火力發(fa)(fa)電廠(chang)(chang)設計技術(shu)規(gui)(gui)程》DL 5000中廠(chang)(chang)址(zhi)選(xuan)擇中的(de)建廠(chang)(chang)外(wai)部條件(jian)的(de)要求(qiu)基(ji)本一致。

5. 4城市電源變電站布局

5. 4. 4在(zai)(zai)高(gao)負(fu)荷密度(du)的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)地(di)(di)(di)區采用高(gao)壓(ya)深人(ren)供(gong)(gong)電方式(shi)，是(shi)緩解(jie)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)用地(di)(di)(di)緊張矛盾，解(jie)決市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)缺電問題(ti)，并能保證電壓(ya)質(zhi)量、提高(gao)供(gong)(gong)電安(an)全可(ke)靠性的(de)(de)行之有效的(de)(de)措施(shi)，也是(shi)世界城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)供(gong)(gong)電發展的(de)(de)必然(ran)趨勢。20世紀60年代(dai)，國(guo)(guo)(guo)外一些(xie)大(da)(da)(da)、中(zhong)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)(如(ru)日(ri)本東京、美國(guo)(guo)(guo)紐(niu)約、法國(guo)(guo)(guo)巴黎、英國(guo)(guo)(guo)倫敦等(deng))中(zhong)已出現220kV及以(yi)(yi)上(shang)電源(yuan)深人(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)供(gong)(gong)電的(de)(de)實例。20世紀80年代(dai)我國(guo)(guo)(guo)上(shang)海市(shi)(shi)(shi)在(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)繁華(hua)地(di)(di)(di)段(duan)的(de)(de)人(ren)民廣場建(jian)成(cheng)220kV地(di)(di)(di)下變(bian)(bian)(bian)電站(zhan)(zhan);2009年，國(guo)(guo)(guo)內首(shou)個500kV全地(di)(di)(di)下變(bian)(bian)(bian)電站(zhan)(zhan)—世博500kV變(bian)(bian)(bian)電站(zhan)(zhan)在(zai)(zai)上(shang)海建(jian)成(cheng)投運，該站(zhan)(zhan)深人(ren)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)人(ren)口稠密區，且成(cheng)為國(guo)(guo)(guo)內規模最大(da)(da)(da)的(de)(de)地(di)(di)(di)下變(bian)(bian)(bian)電站(zhan)(zhan);而沈陽、武(wu)漢、廣州等(deng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)也相繼在(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)地(di)(di)(di)區建(jian)成(cheng)22okV戶內變(bian)(bian)(bian)電站(zhan)(zhan)。這些(xie)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)都有效地(di)(di)(di)解(jie)決了市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)大(da)(da)(da)負(fu)荷用電問題(ti)。由于(yu)500kV, 220kV電源(yuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電站(zhan)(zhan)具有超高(gao)壓(ya)、強電流、大(da)(da)(da)容量供(gong)(gong)電的(de)(de)特(te)點，對(dui)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)環境、安(an)全消防都有較嚴格的(de)(de)要求，加之在(zai)(zai)用地(di)(di)(di)十(shi)分(fen)緊張的(de)(de)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)地(di)(di)(di)區建(jian)設戶內式(shi)或(huo)地(di)(di)(di)下式(shi)500(220) kV電源(yuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電站(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)(di)價高(gao)、一次投資大(da)(da)(da)，所以(yi)(yi)，對(dui)一個城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)是(shi)否需要在(zai)(zai)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)地(di)(di)(di)區規劃(hua)布置500 (220) kV電源(yuan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電站(zhan)(zhan)，需根據我國(guo)(guo)(guo)現階(jie)段(duan)的(de)(de)國(guo)(guo)(guo)情、國(guo)(guo)(guo)力，經(jing)技術經(jing)濟比較和充分(fen)論證后合理(li)確(que)定。

6城市電網

6. 1規劃原則

6.1.1貫徹“分(fen)(fen)層(ceng)分(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)”原則，有利于城網安全、經濟運行和(he)(he)合理(li)供電(dian)(dian)。分(fen)(fen)層(ceng)指按電(dian)(dian)壓等級分(fen)(fen)層(ceng)。分(fen)(fen)區(qu)(qu)指在分(fen)(fen)層(ceng)下，按負荷和(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)源的地理(li)分(fen)(fen)布(bu)特點(dian)來劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)供電(dian)(dian)區(qu)(qu)。一個電(dian)(dian)壓層(ceng)可劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)一個供電(dian)(dian)區(qu)(qu)，也可劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)若干個供電(dian)(dian)區(qu)(qu)。

6. 1. 3為避免城市(shi)電(dian)(dian)網發展(zhan)(zhan)過程頻繁的(de)(de)(de)改造，城市(shi)電(dian)(dian)網應(ying)在合理預(yu)測(ce)飽和負荷(he)的(de)(de)(de)基礎上，確(que)定目標網架，并以此依據指導近期電(dian)(dian)網建(jian)設，實現(xian)城市(shi)電(dian)(dian)網遠(yuan)近期發展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)有效銜(xian)接。

    考慮到我國(guo)地區之間的差異性(xing)，城市電網(wang)應(ying)根據負荷(he)水平、供(gong)電可靠性(xing)要求和電網(wang)發展(zhan)目(mu)標(biao)因地制宜(yi)地選(xuan)擇接線方式。

    (1)特大型城市、省會城市、計劃單列市等重點城市220kV及以上電網(wang)(wang)應按雙環(huan)網(wang)(wang)標準建設，當不能形成地理上的環(huan)網(wang)(wang)時，可采用C形電氣環(huan)網(wang)(wang)。

    (2)城市(shi)人口(kou)、行政、經濟、商業、交通(tong)集中的(de)重點地區在(zai)電(dian)網結構上應滿足(zu)供電(dian)安(an)全N-1準則的(de)要求(qiu)，特別重要的(de)地區應滿足(zu)供電(dian)安(an)全N-1-1準則的(de)要求(qiu)。

    (3)城市(shi)重要用戶除正常供電(dian)電(dian)源外，應有(you)備用電(dian)源。如有(you)需要，宜設應急保(bao)安(an)電(dian)源。備用電(dian)源原則(ze)上(shang)應來自不同(tong)變(bian)電(dian)站(發電(dian)廠)或來自同(tong)一變(bian)電(dian)站(發電(dian)廠)的不同(tong)母線段。

6. 1. 4電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)是帶有(you)一定(ding)壟斷(duan)性(xing)的社會公益性(xing)事業，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力供應(ying)設(she)施是城(cheng)市(shi)的重(zhong)要基(ji)礎設(she)施之(zhi)一。所以(yi)，城(cheng)市(shi)供電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施的規劃、建設(she)應(ying)與城(cheng)市(shi)規劃建設(she)同步配套(tao)，合理發展，做到優質(zhi)服務，保(bao)證供電(dian)(dian)(dian);同時，城(cheng)市(shi)規劃也(ye)應(ying)為城(cheng)市(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力建設(she)創造條件，在(zai)規劃階段，根據建設(she)需要，合理預留供電(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)施用地(di)，保(bao)證其規劃建設(she)的空間環(huan)境。

6. 2電壓等級和層次

6. 2. 1城(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)確定的(de)(de)標準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)受電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)端的(de)(de)額定電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，它是根(gen)據國家標準《標準電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)》GB/T 156確定的(de)(de)，包括:交流1000,750, 500、330、220、110(66)、35、10(20)kV和(he)220/380V，直流士800、士50okV。條文(wen)所列的(de)(de)11種電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)中，1000kV, 750kV, 50okV屬(shu)(shu)我國跨(kua)區(qu)(qu)域、跨(kua)省大(da)(da)(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)采用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，其中1000kV屬(shu)(shu)于特高壓(ya)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級，已于2009年應(ying)用于晉東南(nan)一南(nan)陽一荊(jing)門1000kV特高壓(ya)交流試驗示范(fan)工程，并(bing)將逐步(bu)應(ying)用和(he)推(tui)廣至城(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)范(fan)圍(wei)內。但目前，我國城(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)所采用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)仍(reng)多為220kV及以下各級電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)。隨(sui)著(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規(gui)模的(de)(de)擴大(da)(da)(da)和(he)城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)負荷的(de)(de)迅速(su)增長，上海(hai)、北京(jing)、天津等特大(da)(da)(da)型城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)已在城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)范(fan)圍(wei)內建設500kV或(huo)更高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級的(de)(de)外環網(wang)，既(ji)承擔(dan)區(qu)(qu)域電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)輸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)功能，同時也是城(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源。

6. 2. 2、6. 2. 3城(cheng)市電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)結構主要(yao)包括:點(發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠、變電(dian)(dian)(dian)站、開關站、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站)、線(電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)線路)布置和接(jie)線方(fang)式，它在很大程(cheng)度(du)上取決于地區的負(fu)荷水平和負(fu)荷密(mi)度(du)。城(cheng)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)結構是一個整體，城(cheng)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)中(zhong)發、輸(shu)、變、配(pei)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)之間應有(you)計劃按比(bi)例協調發展。為(wei)了適(shi)應用電(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷持續增長、減少建設投(tou)資和節能等需(xu)要(yao)，城(cheng)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)必須簡化電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級，減少變壓(ya)層(ceng)次(ci)，優化網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)絡結構。通過(guo)不斷實施(shi)城(cheng)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)改造，我國電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等級已逐步(bu)走向(xiang)標準化、規范化，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)

序(xu)(xu)列(lie)層級(ji)(ji)仍然偏多(duo)，部分城網(wang)(wang)(wang)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)還存在(zai)330 (220) /110/35/10/0. 4kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)序(xu)(xu)列(lie)。該電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)序(xu)(xu)列(lie)在(zai)我(wo)國電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)發(fa)(fa)展過(guo)程(cheng)中，為(wei)解(jie)決大(da)范圍、低(di)負(fu)荷密度地區(qu)10kV線路供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)距離過(guo)長(chang)的問題提供(gong)了有(you)效的手段，但(dan)由于(yu)110kV和35kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)級(ji)(ji)差較(jiao)小(xiao)，客觀上也造(zao)成了兩(liang)級(ji)(ji)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)范圍重疊較(jiao)多(duo)，送變電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)容量(liang)重復(fu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)損(sun)耗較(jiao)大(da)。城市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級(ji)(ji)過(guo)多(duo)，不利于(yu)城市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的標準(zhun)化建設和運(yun)行管理。因此(ci)，應根(gen)據城市(shi)(shi)現有(you)實際情況和遠(yuan)景發(fa)(fa)展目(mu)標，確定城市(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)的目(mu)標電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)等(deng)級(ji)(ji)序(xu)(xu)列(lie)。

6.2.4我國(guo)地(di)域(yu)遼(liao)闊(kuo)，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)數量多，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)性質、規模差異大，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)用電(dian)(dian)量和城(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)與(yu)區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)連接的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)等級(ji)(即城(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)最(zui)高一(yi)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya))也(ye)不盡相同。城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)規模大，用電(dian)(dian)需(xu)求量也(ye)大，城(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)與(yu)區(qu)域(yu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)連接的電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)也(ye)就高。我國(guo)一(yi)般大、中城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)城(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)的最(zui)高一(yi)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)多為(wei)220kV，次(ci)一(yi)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)110 (66, 35) kV。小城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)或建制(zhi)鎮電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的最(zui)高一(yi)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)多為(wei)110 (66, 35)kV，次(ci)一(yi)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)則(ze)為(wei)10kV。此外，一(yi)些特大城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(如(ru):北京、上海(hai)、天(tian)津等)城(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)最(zui)高一(yi)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)已(yi)為(wei)500kV，次(ci)一(yi)級(ji)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)為(wei)220kV。

6. 2. 5變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)載(zai)比是某一(yi)(yi)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)區(qu)域，變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備總(zong)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)（kVA）與對(dui)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)總(zong)負荷(kW)的(de)(de)(de)比值(zhi)。計(ji)算各級電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)網變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)載(zai)比時，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級發電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠的(de)(de)(de)升壓(ya)(ya)(ya)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)及直供(gong)負荷不應(ying)計(ji)人，該電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)等級用戶(hu)專用變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器容(rong)(rong)量(liang)和負荷也應(ying)扣(kou)除(chu)，另(ling)外，部(bu)分(fen)區(qu)域之(zhi)間(jian)僅進行故障時功率(lv)交換的(de)(de)(de)聯絡(luo)變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器容(rong)(rong)量(liang)，如有(you)必要(yao)(yao)也應(ying)扣(kou)除(chu)。變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)載(zai)比是反映城網供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力的(de)(de)(de)重要(yao)(yao)技術經濟(ji)指(zhi)標之(zhi)一(yi)(yi)，是宏觀控制(zhi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)的(de)(de)(de)指(zhi)標，也是規(gui)劃設計(ji)時，確定城網中某一(yi)(yi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)層(ceng)網所配置的(de)(de)(de)變(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)總(zong)容(rong)(rong)量(liang)是否適(shi)當(dang)的(de)(de)(de)一(yi)(yi)個重要(yao)(yao)指(zhi)標。對(dui)處于發展(zhan)初期、快速發展(zhan)期的(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)，重點(dian)開發區(qu)或負荷較為分(fen)散的(de)(de)(de)偏遠地區(qu)，可(ke)適(shi)當(dang)提(ti)高容(rong)(rong)載(zai)比的(de)(de)(de)取(qu)(qu)值(zhi);對(dui)于網絡(luo)發展(zhan)完善或規(gui)劃期內(nei)負荷明確的(de)(de)(de)地區(qu)，在(zai)滿足用電(dian)(dian)(dian)需求和可(ke)靠性要(yao)(yao)求的(de)(de)(de)前提(ti)下(xia)，可(ke)以(yi)適(shi)當(dang)降低(di)容(rong)(rong)載(zai)比的(de)(de)(de)取(qu)(qu)值(zhi)。

7城市供電設施

7.1一般規定

7.1.1城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)供(gong)電設施是城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)重要的(de)基(ji)礎(chu)設施。供(gong)電設施的(de)建設標準、結構形式的(de)選擇(ze)直接影響城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)土地利(li)用的(de)經濟合理性和城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)景(jing)觀及環(huan)境質量(liang)，進而影響城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)現代(dai)化的(de)過程。

7. 1. 2, 7. 1. 3條文主(zhu)要是根據(ju)城市人口密集、用地緊張的建(jian)設條件及環保要求(qiu)，對規劃新建(jian)的城市供(gong)電設施提出原則(ze)性要求(qiu)的技術規定(ding)。

7. 1. 4電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)是(shi)(shi)國(guo)家(jia)重(zhong)要的(de)基礎(chu)設(she)施，是(shi)(shi)城市重(zhong)要的(de)生(sheng)命線工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)之(zhi)一，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力設(she)施的(de)損(sun)壞、供電(dian)(dian)(dian)中斷將給社會經濟(ji)(ji)和人(ren)民生(sheng)活造成重(zhong)大損(sun)失，同(tong)時還可能引發次(ci)生(sheng)災害;提(ti)高電(dian)(dian)(dian)力設(she)施的(de)抗(kang)災能力是(shi)(shi)社會經濟(ji)(ji)發展的(de)需要。在汝川地(di)(di)震之(zhi)后(hou)，國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司于2008年6月20日下(xia)發了《國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司輸(shu)變電(dian)(dian)(dian)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)抗(kang)震設(she)計要點》，對工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)選(xuan)址、場地(di)(di)地(di)(di)震評價、巖土(tu)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)勘(kan)察、結構(gou)抗(kang)震設(she)計、建(jian)筑非(fei)結構(gou)構(gou)件(jian)抗(kang)震設(she)計、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)置選(xuan)型、設(she)備選(xuan)型、設(she)備

安裝及(ji)地(di)震(zhen)(zhen)次生(sheng)災(zai)害防(fang)(fang)治等方面均提出(chu)了(le)(le)明確的(de)要求。并且(qie)對1996版(ban)《電(dian)(dian)力設(she)(she)(she)施抗(kang)震(zhen)(zhen)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)規(gui)范(fan)》GB 50260進行修訂，對原(yuan)有(you)條款中不(bu)滿足《中華人民共和國防(fang)(fang)震(zhen)(zhen)減災(zai)法》、《地(di)震(zhen)(zhen)安全性評價管理條例》及(ji)未反映當(dang)前(qian)技術進步的(de)內容進行了(le)(le)修訂;貫徹了(le)(le)現行《建(jian)筑(zhu)工(gong)程抗(kang)震(zhen)(zhen)設(she)(she)(she)防(fang)(fang)分類(lei)標準》GB 50223 ,《建(jian)筑(zhu)抗(kang)震(zhen)(zhen)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)規(gui)范(fan)》GB 50011及(ji)《工(gong)業企業電(dian)(dian)氣設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)抗(kang)震(zhen)(zhen)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)規(gui)范(fan)》GB 50556的(de)新增內容;吸收了(le)(le)墳川(chuan)地(di)震(zhen)(zhen)電(dian)(dian)力設(she)(she)(she)施及(ji)電(dian)(dian)力設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)受(shou)損情況的(de)經驗和教(jiao)訓;借鑒(jian)了(le)(le)原(yuan)國家電(dian)(dian)力公(gong)司(si)重(zhong)點科研項目(mu)“大型(xing)火電(dian)(dian)廠(chang)主廠(chang)房抗(kang)震(zhen)(zhen)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)試驗研究”的(de)成果(guo)，提高了(le)(le)電(dian)(dian)力設(she)(she)(she)施的(de)抗(kang)震(zhen)(zhen)設(she)(she)(she)計(ji)標準。

7. 2城市變電站

7. 2. 3條文中(zhong)對35kV以上變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站主變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)容(rong)量(liang)和(he)(he)臺(tai)(tai)數選(xuan)擇的(de)(de)規定，主要(yao)(yao)是從考慮(lv)電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)綜合(he)效(xiao)益和(he)(he)技(ji)術條件出(chu)(chu)發的(de)(de)。主變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)單臺(tai)(tai)容(rong)量(liang)小、臺(tai)(tai)數少，需配(pei)置變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站的(de)(de)數量(liang)就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)增(zeng)多(duo)(duo)，占地及(ji)投資則相應(ying)要(yao)(yao)增(zeng)大，不(bu)經濟;增(zeng)加主變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)臺(tai)(tai)數可提高供電(dian)(dian)可靠性(xing)，但也不(bu)宜過(guo)多(duo)(duo)，臺(tai)(tai)數過(guo)多(duo)(duo)則結線(xian)復(fu)雜，發生故障時，均(jun)勻轉(zhuan)移符合(he)困難;單臺(tai)(tai)容(rong)量(liang)過(guo)大，會造成短路容(rong)量(liang)大和(he)(he)變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站出(chu)(chu)線(xian)過(guo)多(duo)(duo)，不(bu)易(yi)饋出(chu)(chu)等弊病(bing)。表(biao)7. 2. 3中(zhong)35 ~500kV變(bian)電(dian)(dian)站主變(bian)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)器(qi)(qi)

單(dan)臺(組)的規定，主要(yao)是通過對國內(nei)變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)生產廠(chang)家所生產的變(bian)壓(ya)器(qi)規格(ge)、容(rong)量的調查了解得出(chu)的，與現行《城市電力網(wang)規劃(hua)設計導則(ze)》中的有(you)關要(yao)求也基本一致。

7. 2. 4城(cheng)(cheng)市變電站(zhan)是聯結城(cheng)(cheng)網中(zhong)各級電壓網的(de)中(zhong)間環節，主(zhu)要(yao)用(yong)以升(sheng)降電壓，匯集和(he)分(fen)配電力。條文中(zhong)城(cheng)(cheng)市變電站(zhan)的(de)規劃選址(zhi)規定，與國家現行標(biao)準《35kV~110kV變電站(zhan)設(she)計(ji)(ji)規范》GB 50059和(he)《220kV~500kV變電站(zhan)設(she)計(ji)(ji)技術規程》 DL/T 5218中(zhong)選址(zhi)要(yao)求(qiu)基本一致(zhi)。

7. 2. 6條文針對(dui)深人市(shi)區規劃新(xin)建(jian)的(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)變電站(zhan)位(wei)置(zhi)所處城(cheng)市(shi)地段(duan)的(de)(de)不(bu)同情況(kuang)，分別(bie)對(dui)其結構形式(shi)的(de)(de)選擇提出(chu)要求，分述(shu)如下:

    隨著城市用電(dian)量的急劇增加(jia)，市區(qu)負(fu)荷密(mi)度(du)的迅(xun)速(su)提高(gao)，66kV以上(shang)高(gao)壓變(bian)電(dian)站(zhan)已逐漸深(shen)人市區(qu)，且布點數(shu)量越(yue)來越(yue)多。

而(er)(er)市(shi)區用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)的(de)日趨緊(jin)張，選址困(kun)難和環(huan)保(bao)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，使得改(gai)變(bian)(bian)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)過去通(tong)選用(yong)(yong)的(de)體(ti)積大(da)、用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)多的(de)常規戶(hu)外(wai)(wai)式(shi)(shi)結(jie)構(gou)形式(shi)(shi)，減(jian)少(shao)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)占地(di)(di)和加(jia)強環(huan)保(bao)措施(shi)，已(yi)成為(wei)(wei)當前需要(yao)迫(po)切(qie)解決的(de)問題。國(guo)內外(wai)(wai)實踐經驗(yan)表明，在(zai)不影響電(dian)(dian)網(wang)安全(quan)運行(xing)和供(gong)電(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)靠性的(de)前提(ti)(ti)下，實現變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)戶(hu)內化、小型(xing)化，可(ke)(ke)以達到減(jian)少(shao)占地(di)(di)、改(gai)善環(huan)境(jing)質量(liang)的(de)目的(de)。近(jin)年(nian)來，采用(yong)(yong)緊(jin)湊型(xing)布置方式(shi)(shi)的(de)戶(hu)外(wai)(wai)型(xing)、半戶(hu)外(wai)(wai)型(xing)、全(quan)戶(hu)內型(xing)以及與(yu)其他建筑合建的(de)結(jie)構(gou)形式(shi)(shi)變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)在(zai)我國(guo)城市(shi)市(shi)區已(yi)得到迅速(su)發(fa)展(zhan)。變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)建設，力(li)求(qiu)(qiu)做到了(le)與(yu)周圍環(huan)境(jing)的(de)協調，使市(shi)區變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)不僅實現了(le)減(jian)少(shao)占地(di)(di)，而(er)(er)且還盡可(ke)(ke)能(neng)(neng)地(di)(di)滿足(zu)城市(shi)建筑的(de)多功能(neng)(neng)要(yao)求(qiu)(qiu)，使其除了(le)作為(wei)(wei)供(gong)應電(dian)(dian)能(neng)(neng)的(de)工業建筑外(wai)(wai)，還作為(wei)(wei)城市(shi)建筑的(de)有機組成部分，在(zai)立面造型(xing)風格上和使用(yong)(yong)功能(neng)(neng)上，充分體(ti)現了(le)城市(shi)未(wei)來的(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，適(shi)應城市(shi)現代化建設需要(yao)。同(tong)時(shi)，在(zai)規劃(hua)建設市(shi)區變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)時(shi)還需要(yao)考(kao)慮有良好(hao)的(de)消防措施(shi)，按照安全(quan)消防標準的(de)有關(guan)規范規定，適(shi)當提(ti)(ti)高變(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)建筑的(de)防火(huo)等(deng)級，配置有效的(de)安全(quan)消防裝置和報警裝置，妥(tuo)善地(di)(di)解決防火(huo)、防爆、防毒氣及環(huan)保(bao)等(deng)問題;

    在市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)，尤(you)其是在大(da)(da)、中(zhong)(zhong)城市(shi)的超高層(ceng)公共建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)群區(qu)(qu)、中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)商(shang)務區(qu)(qu)及繁華(hua)(hua)鬧市(shi)區(qu)(qu)，土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)極(ji)為(wei)珍貴(gui)，地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)價(jia)高昂。為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)用(yong)(yong)(yong)好(hao)每(mei)一(yi)寸土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，充分發揮土(tu)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)的使用(yong)(yong)(yong)價(jia)值(zhi)，取得良好(hao)的社會、經濟、環(huan)境(jing)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)效益(yi)，國(guo)(guo)外在20世(shi)紀60年代、國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)在20世(shi)紀80年代初(chu)，一(yi)些大(da)(da)、中(zhong)(zhong)城市(shi)已開始發展(zhan)小型(xing)化(hua)全戶(hu)內(nei)(nei)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)的還(huan)與其他(ta)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)結合(he)(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)，或建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，多年來都(dou)積累有(you)(you)(you)(you)豐富的運(yun)(yun)行(xing)經驗，如:日本(ben)東京都(dou)，在20世(shi)紀80年代共建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)440座(zuo)，其中(zhong)(zhong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)為(wei)130座(zuo)，約(yue)占30%，地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)戶(hu)內(nei)(nei)式變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)大(da)(da)多數(shu)都(dou)和(he)(he)其他(ta)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)或公共建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)樓(lou)群相結合(he)(he)(he)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)全封閉(bi)組合(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)套(tao)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)設(she)備(bei)，有(you)(you)(you)(you)先進的消防(fang)措施和(he)(he)隔聲(sheng)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，并(bing)有(you)(you)(you)(you)防(fang)爆管，以防(fang)故障(zhang)引起火災。其建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)立面(mian)(mian)(mian)造型(xing)，甚至色彩都(dou)考慮與周圍建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)的協調(diao)。我國(guo)(guo)城市(shi)(如上海、廣(guang)州(zhou)、武漢、重慶等)都(dou)有(you)(you)(you)(you)在市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)或繁華(hua)(hua)街區(qu)(qu)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)全戶(hu)內(nei)(nei)型(xing)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)或地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)下式變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的實(shi)例(li)，運(yun)(yun)行(xing)經驗表明(ming)，不(bu)僅(jin)可行(xing)而(er)且都(dou)取得了(le)(le)(le)較(jiao)顯(xian)著的社會、經濟、環(huan)境(jing)綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)效益(yi)。如:我國(guo)(guo)南(nan)方某市(shi)規(gui)劃新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的一(yi)座(zuo)220kV變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，位于商(shang)業(ye)繁榮、建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)密集的鬧市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)，為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)節約(yue)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，防(fang)止環(huan)境(jing)污染，他(ta)們選(xuan)用(yong)(yong)(yong)線(xian)路·變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)組簡化(hua)結線(xian)方案(an)，220kV側不(bu)設(she)斷路器(qi)，除主變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)外，所有(you)(you)(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備(bei)均布(bu)置(zhi)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)在綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)大(da)(da)樓(lou)內(nei)(nei)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)最終規(gui)模為(wei)3 X180MVA,  110kV出(chu)線(xian)6回，35kV出(chu)線(xian)20回，綜(zong)(zong)合(he)(he)(he)大(da)(da)樓(lou)占地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積僅(jin)714m2，大(da)(da)樓(lou)主體(ti)分為(wei)4層(ceng)，一(yi)層(ceng)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)35kV配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，二層(ceng)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)110kV電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)纜層(ceng)等，三層(ceng)安裝(zhuang)(zhuang)110kV六氟化(hua)硫全封閉(bi)組合(he)(he)(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)套(tao)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)置(zhi)，四層(ceng)為(wei)控制室、會議室等，建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)物(wu)立面(mian)(mian)(mian)、色彩方面(mian)(mian)(mian)還(huan)做到了(le)(le)(le)與周圍建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)相協調(diao)。從投產(chan)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)后的實(shi)際效果(guo)看，無論在美觀(guan)、平面(mian)(mian)(mian)布(bu)置(zhi)的合(he)(he)(he)理(li)性和(he)(he)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的安全穩定性等方面(mian)(mian)(mian)都(dou)取得了(le)(le)(le)很好(hao)的效果(guo)。再如:南(nan)方的某一(yi)山城在市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)的兩座(zuo)11okV變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，一(yi)個(ge)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)國(guo)(guo)產(chan)常(chang)規(gui)設(she)備(bei)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的布(bu)置(zhi)巧(qiao)妙地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)利用(yong)(yong)(yong)了(le)(le)(le)該(gai)區(qu)(qu)段狹窄(zhai)復雜的高陡(dou)坡地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)形(xing)和(he)(he)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)質條件(jian)，實(shi)現了(le)(le)(le)內(nei)(nei)部空(kong)間(jian)合(he)(he)(he)理(li)布(bu)局和(he)(he)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)內(nei)(nei)外交通流(liu)暢(chang)便捷(jie)。另(ling)一(yi)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)引進國(guo)(guo)外小型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣設(she)備(bei)，采(cai)用(yong)(yong)(yong)五層(ceng)重疊設(she)置(zhi)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)有(you)(you)(you)(you)效用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)面(mian)(mian)(mian)積100m2，大(da)(da)大(da)(da)節約(yue)了(le)(le)(le)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)。為(wei)了(le)(le)(le)發揮該(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)塊(kuai)的效益(yi)，該(gai)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)還(huan)合(he)(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)了(le)(le)(le)臨街6層(ceng)商(shang)業(ye)樓(lou)。再如:北方某地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)為(wei)解(jie)決(jue)市(shi)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)區(qu)(qu)負(fu)荷增長的用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)要決(jue)定規(gui)劃新(xin)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)110kV變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，然而(er)因征地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)、拆(chai)遷工作困(kun)難，短期難以解(jie)決(jue)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)址(zhi)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，他(ta)們利用(yong)(yong)(yong)城墻門門洞，在城墻內(nei)(nei)建(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)設(she)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)，既節約(yue)了(le)(le)(le)用(yong)(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(di)，又保留原有(you)(you)(you)(you)明(ming)朝城墻的風貌。

7. 2. 7影響變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)占地(di)(di)(di)(di)面積的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)因素很多，如(ru)主(zhu)結線方式、設(she)(she)備選型(xing)和變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)在(zai)城(cheng)市(shi)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)位置(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)，其(qi)中(zhong)以(yi)主(zhu)結線方式影響最(zui)大(da)。主(zhu)結線方式包括:變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)壓等(deng)(deng)級(ji)、進(jin)出(chu)線回路(lu)數(shu)、母線接線形(xing)式、主(zhu)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器臺數(shu)和容量(liang)等(deng)(deng)。條文中(zhong)表7. 2. 7所列(lie)(35~500)kV變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)規劃用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面積控(kong)制(zhi)指標(biao)，只考(kao)(kao)慮變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)圍墻內的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)生(sheng)產用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)(含(han)調相機用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di))，不包括職工生(sheng)活用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)。條文中(zhong)表7. 2. 7所列(lie)(35-500)kV變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)規劃用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面積控(kong)制(zhi)指標(biao)歸納參考(kao)(kao)了國家電(dian)(dian)網(wang)公司變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)典(dian)型(xing)設(she)(she)計(2011年版(ban))，本次調整使(shi)規范與國網(wang)典(dian)型(xing)設(she)(she)計的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)指標(biao)基本一(yi)致;50okV戶內、半戶內站(zhan)是參照北京市(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)北、朝(chao)陽、海淀等(deng)(deng)站(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建設(she)(she)實際情(qing)況選擇確定。部(bu)分(fen)戶內站(zhan)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)面積較上(shang)一(yi)版(ban)規范有(you)較大(da)幅度上(shang)升，主(zhu)要原因有(you)兩個方面，一(yi)是變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器臺數(shu)和總容量(liang)較原來有(you)所增加，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器體積和進(jin)出(chu)線規模都有(you)較大(da)幅度上(shang)升;二(er)是消(xiao)(xiao)防安全等(deng)(deng)級(ji)提高(gao)，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)要求(qiu)布置(zhi)(zhi)消(xiao)(xiao)防環(huan)形(xing)通道及泵房等(deng)(deng)設(she)(she)施，用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)范圍需適度增加。值得(de)注意的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)是，變(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)(bian)電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)由于其(qi)設(she)(she)備布局(ju)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)特性，以(yi)規則的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)長方形(xing)(如(ru)70m X 80m, 180m X 200m)用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)效率(lv)較高(gao)，如(ru)果是三角地(di)(di)(di)(di)等(deng)(deng)異形(xing)地(di)(di)(di)(di)塊(kuai)，其(qi)邊角還會(hui)形(xing)成用(yong)(yong)地(di)(di)(di)(di)浪(lang)費(fei)。

由(you)于我國城市(shi)數量多，各城市(shi)的用地(di)(di)條件、經(jing)濟基礎、資金(jin)來源、供(gong)電管理技(ji)術水平不(bu)完全相(xiang)同，規劃時可(ke)結合本(ben)地(di)(di)實際(ji)情(qing)況(kuang)因地(di)(di)制宜地(di)(di)選用表7. 2. 7的指標值。

7. 3開關站

7. 3. 1, 7. 3. 2規劃建(jian)設(she)開(kai)關站(zhan)是緩解城市(shi)高(gao)壓變電(dian)(dian)站(zhan)出線回路數多、出線困難的有效方法，可(ke)以增強配電(dian)(dian)網的運(yun)行靈活性，提高(gao)供電(dian)(dian)可(ke)靠(kao)性。

7. 3. 4 10kV開關(guan)站(zhan)與(yu)10kV配電所聯體合建，可以(yi)節(jie)省占地，減(jian)少投資，提(ti)高供電可靠性。

7. 4環網單元

7. 4. 1環(huan)(huan)網(wang)單(dan)元(yuan)是(shi)近年來廣泛應用(yong)(yong)(yong)的配電(dian)開關(guan)設(she)(she)(she)備，也稱(cheng)環(huan)(huan)網(wang)柜(ju)或開閉器，主要(yao)用(yong)(yong)(yong)于10kV (20kV)電(dian)纜線路分(fen)(fen)段、聯(lian)絡及分(fen)(fen)接負荷。按使用(yong)(yong)(yong)場所(suo)可(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)戶內環(huan)(huan)網(wang)單(dan)元(yuan)和(he)戶外環(huan)(huan)網(wang)單(dan)元(yuan)，是(shi)環(huan)(huan)網(wang)供電(dian)和(he)終(zhong)端供電(dian)的重要(yao)開關(guan)設(she)(she)(she)備。隨著大規(gui)模的城(cheng)市(shi)建設(she)(she)(she)，環(huan)(huan)網(wang)柜(ju)結構緊湊，占地面積小，運(yun)行(xing)安全可(ke)靠，維修(xiu)(xiu)量(liang)很小，運(yun)行(xing)費用(yong)(yong)(yong)低，可(ke)滿足(zu)變配電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備無油(you)化、集(ji)成化、小型化、智能化、模塊化的要(yao)求，因此本次(ci)規(gui)范修(xiu)(xiu)編中首次(ci)把環(huan)(huan)網(wang)單(dan)元(yuan)列(lie)人城(cheng)市(shi)供電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)。為(wei)便(bian)于巡視、檢修(xiu)(xiu)和(he)維護(hu)，環(huan)(huan)網(wang)單(dan)元(yuan)宜(yi)在地面上(shang)單(dan)獨建設(she)(she)(she);但為(wei)更好地實現城(cheng)市(shi)供電(dian)設(she)(she)(she)施(shi)與城(cheng)市(shi)景觀(guan)的協(xie)調(diao)統一，當有景觀(guan)協(xie)調(diao)或節約用(yong)(yong)(yong)地等特殊(shu)要(yao)求時，環(huan)(huan)網(wang)單(dan)元(yuan)可(ke)考慮(lv)與用(yong)(yong)(yong)電(dian)單(dan)位的建筑共同建設(she)(she)(she);為(wei)便(bian)于故障檢修(xiu)(xiu)、日常(chang)維護(hu)且(qie)防止設(she)(she)(she)備受潮或進水(shui)，宜(yi)布置于地上(shang)首層(ceng)或地下(xia)一層(ceng)，而不能布置于底層(ceng)。

7. 4. 2環(huan)(huan)網(wang)單(dan)元(yuan)的進出線(xian)規模(mo)可(ke)根據實際負荷大小和(he)需求來選(xuan)擇，為體(ti)現環(huan)(huan)網(wang)單(dan)元(yuan)結構緊湊、占地面(mian)積小的特點，環(huan)(huan)網(wang)單(dan)元(yuan)的規模(mo)一般不超(chao)過2路進線(xian)6路出線(xian)。

7.5公用配電室

7. 5. 1, 7. 5. 2條文是基于為保證各類終端負荷供電(dian)電(dian)壓質量、經(jing)濟運(yun)行、節(jie)省(sheng)電(dian)能(neng)而(er)提出(chu)的(de)。根據(ju)小容(rong)量、適度布(bu)點的(de)原則。

7.5.3, 7.5.4條文(wen)規定主要是基于保(bao)證在負荷密度(du)高(gao)、市(shi)容有特殊(shu)要求地區的環境質量，又(you)要滿足(zu)安(an)全消防、節約(yue)用地要求等因素而提高(gao)的。

7.5.5箱式變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)是把高壓受電(dian)(dian)(dian)設備(bei)、配電(dian)(dian)(dian)變(bian)壓器和低壓配電(dian)(dian)(dian)屏，按一定接線(xian)方(fang)案集(ji)合成(cheng)一體的(de)(de)工廠預制型戶內外配電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝置，它具有體積小、占地少、投資省、工期短等優點(dian)，近年來，在城網中(zhong)應(ying)用(yong)逐漸增多，反映良好。使用(yong)中(zhong)應(ying)注意的(de)(de)是，選(xuan)用(yong)箱式變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)時需考慮箱體內的(de)(de)通(tong)風散熱問(wen)(wen)題(ti)及防止(zhi)有害物侵(qin)入問(wen)(wen)題(ti)。

7. 6城市電力線路

7. 6. 2架空(kong)(kong)(kong)線(xian)路(lu)有造價低(di)、投資省、施工簡單(dan)、建設工期(qi)短、維護方(fang)便等優點(dian);其缺(que)點(dian)是(shi)(shi)占地(di)多、易受外(wai)力(li)(li)破壞，與市容不協調(diao)、影(ying)響景觀等。今后隨著(zhu)科(ke)學(xue)技術的(de)(de)不斷發(fa)展(zhan)及人們(men)對城(cheng)(cheng)市空(kong)(kong)(kong)間環保意識的(de)(de)加強，城(cheng)(cheng)市電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路(lu)是(shi)(shi)采用架空(kong)(kong)(kong)線(xian)路(lu)，還是(shi)(shi)地(di)下電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)(de)問題，將越來越需要在城(cheng)(cheng)市電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)規劃(hua)中(zhong)作出(chu)原(yuan)則(ze)性的(de)(de)規定(ding)。條(tiao)文中(zhong)根據我國國情、國力(li)(li)及各(ge)地(di)城(cheng)(cheng)網(wang)現(xian)狀(zhuang)，借鑒國外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)市經(jing)驗，對城(cheng)(cheng)市中(zhong)規劃(hua)新(xin)建的(de)(de)各(ge)級電(dian)(dian)壓架空(kong)(kong)(kong)電(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)線(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)路(lu)徑選擇作出(chu)原(yuan)則(ze)規定(ding)。

7. 6. 3通過對(dui)全(quan)國(guo)50多個不同(tong)類型城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)已建成的(de)(de)(de)各級電壓(ya)(ya)架(jia)空線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)的(de)(de)(de)走(zou)(zou)(zou)廊(lang)(lang)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)度(du)現(xian)(xian)狀調(diao)查和(he)一(yi)些城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)現(xian)(xian)行(xing)采用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)地(di)(di)方(fang)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)或(huo)經(jing)驗(yan)數(shu)據進行(xing)分(fen)析表明，不同(tong)地(di)(di)區、不同(tong)規(gui)模、不同(tong)用(yong)地(di)(di)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)架(jia)空線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)走(zou)(zou)(zou)廊(lang)(lang)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)度(du)要求是有差(cha)別(bie)的(de)(de)(de)。一(yi)般來說，東北(bei)、西北(bei)地(di)(di)區的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)氣溫(wen)低、風力大(da)(da)、導線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)覆冰(bing)等原因而易受導線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)弧垂(chui)大(da)(da)、風偏(pian)(pian)大(da)(da)等因素的(de)(de)(de)影響，使其高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)走(zou)(zou)(zou)廊(lang)(lang)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)比華東、中南等地(di)(di)區城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)偏(pian)(pian)大(da)(da)些。大(da)(da)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)由(you)于(yu)(yu)人口多，用(yong)地(di)(di)緊張，選擇城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)走(zou)(zou)(zou)廊(lang)(lang)困難，其高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)走(zou)(zou)(zou)廊(lang)(lang)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)比中、小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)偏(pian)(pian)緊。山區、高(gao)(gao)(gao)原城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)比一(yi)般內地(di)(di)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)走(zou)(zou)(zou)廊(lang)(lang)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)偏(pian)(pian)大(da)(da)些。表7.6.3市(shi)(shi)(shi)區(35~1000) kV高(gao)(gao)(gao)壓(ya)(ya)架(jia)空線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)規(gui)劃走(zou)(zou)(zou)廊(lang)(lang)寬(kuan)(kuan)(kuan)度(du)的(de)(de)(de)確定(ding)(ding)，是在調(diao)查研(yan)究的(de)(de)(de)基(ji)礎上(shang)，參考(kao)一(yi)些城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)現(xian)(xian)行(xing)地(di)(di)方(fang)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)及經(jing)驗(yan)數(shu)據，借鑒國(guo)外城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)經(jing)驗(yan)，通過理(li)論(lun)計算、分(fen)析、校(xiao)核后確定(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)。由(you)于(yu)(yu)我國(guo)地(di)(di)域遼闊(kuo)，條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)各異，各城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)可(ke)結(jie)合表7.6.3的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)和(he)本地(di)(di)實際用(yong)地(di)(di)條(tiao)件(jian)(jian)因地(di)(di)制宜確定(ding)(ding)。表7.6.3的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)定(ding)(ding)，只適用(yong)于(yu)(yu)單(dan)桿單(dan)回水平排列和(he)單(dan)桿多回垂(chui)直(zhi)排列的(de)(de)(de)35kV及以上(shang)架(jia)空線(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)。

7. 6. 4基(ji)于多年來的(de)經驗總(zong)結，規定與現行國標《66 kV及以下(xia)架空電(dian)力線(xian)(xian)(xian)路設(she)計(ji)規范(fan)》GB 50061,  《110kV~750kV架空輸(shu)電(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路設(she)計(ji)規范(fan)》GB 50545,  K 1000kV架空輸(shu)電(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路設(she)計(ji)規范(fan)》GB 50665基(ji)本(ben)一致。

7. 6. 5當前(qian)城市電(dian)(dian)網正向高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓、大容量發展，全(quan)國不(bu)少大、中城市均以高(gao)電(dian)(dian)壓或(huo)超(chao)高(gao)壓進(jin)城供電(dian)(dian)，深入市區的(de)高(gao)壓架空線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)與鄰(lin)近通(tong)信(xin)設施之間(jian)如(ru)不(bu)保持一定的(de)安(an)全(quan)防護距離，將會導致電(dian)(dian)磁干擾、危險影響(xiang)及事故發生。為此，我國已制定頒發了有關(guan)標準規定，如(ru):現行國家標準《架空電(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)與調幅廣(guang)播(bo)(bo)收音臺的(de)防護間(jian)距》GB 7495,《架空電(dian)(dian)力(li)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、變電(dian)(dian)所對電(dian)(dian)視(shi)差轉臺、轉播(bo)(bo)臺無(wu)線(xian)(xian)(xian)干擾防護間(jian)距標準》GBJ 143,《電(dian)(dian)信(xin)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)遭受強電(dian)(dian)線(xian)(xian)(xian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)危險影響(xiang)的(de)容許值(zhi)》GB 6830等。

7. 6. 6現(xian)行(xing)國家標準《66kV及以下(xia)架(jia)(jia)空(kong)電(dian)力線路(lu)(lu)設計(ji)(ji)規(gui)范(fan)》GB 50061,   《110kV~750kV架(jia)(jia)空(kong)輸(shu)電(dian)線路(lu)(lu)設計(ji)(ji)規(gui)范(fan)》GB50545,《1000kV架(jia)(jia)空(kong)輸(shu)電(dian)線路(lu)(lu)設計(ji)(ji)規(gui)范(fan)》GB 50665對架(jia)(jia)空(kong)電(dian)力線路(lu)(lu)跨越或接近建筑物(wu)的最小距離、與(yu)地面、街(jie)道行(xing)道樹之間(jian)最小垂直距離等安全要素(su)作(zuo)出了詳細的規(gui)定和(he)說明，為(wei)方(fang)便使用，我們將分述于三個規(gui)范(fan)的數據(ju)整理成(cheng)以下(xia)四個表(biao)格(表(biao)8、表(biao)9,表(biao)10、表(biao)11)中。

7. 6. 7-7. 6. 9城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)力線路(lu)(lu)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)化(hua)是當今世(shi)界發展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)必然趨勢，地(di)下電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)線路(lu)(lu)運行(xing)安全(quan)可(ke)靠性高，受(shou)外力破(po)壞可(ke)能性小，不受(shou)大氣條件等因(yin)素的(de)(de)(de)影響，還(huan)可(ke)美化(hua)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)，具有許多架空線路(lu)(lu)替代不了的(de)(de)(de)優(you)點。許多發達國(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)網一直(zhi)按(an)電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)要求進行(xing)規(gui)劃(hua)和建(jian)設，如:美國(guo)紐(niu)約有80%以上的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)力線路(lu)(lu)采用地(di)下電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)，日本東京使用地(di)下電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)也很廣泛，尤其(qi)是城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)心地(di)區。從國(guo)內實踐來看，許多城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)已(yi)向10kV配(pei)電(dian)(dian)全(quan)面實現電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)方向發展(zhan)，電(dian)(dian)力行(xing)業標準《城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)中(zhong)低壓配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網改造技(ji)術導則》DL/T 599-2005中(zhong)指(zhi)出:城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)道(dao)路(lu)(lu)網是城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)配(pei)電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)依(yi)托，城(cheng)市(shi)(shi)(shi)主、次干道(dao)均應留(liu)(liu)有電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)敷設的(de)(de)(de)位(wei)置(zhi)，有些干道(dao)還(huan)應留(liu)(liu)有電(dian)(dian)纜(lan)(lan)(lan)隧(sui)道(dao)位(wei)置(zhi)。